diff --git a/server/db.test.ts b/server/db.test.ts
index d0e9f98..f1176dd 100644
--- a/server/db.test.ts
+++ b/server/db.test.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ function makeState(id: string): GameState {
     pending: [],
     version: 1,
     unowned: [],
+    pendingNationOps: [],
   };
 }
 
@@ -85,6 +86,17 @@ describe('openDb', () => {
     db.close();
   });
 
+  it('(v0.23 #16 P4a) a legacy row saved before the pendingNationOps field existed loads with it defaulted to []', () => {
+    const db = openDb(':memory:');
+    const legacy = makeState('legacy');
+    delete (legacy as { pendingNationOps?: unknown[] }).pendingNationOps; // a pre-v0.23 save (field absent)
+    db.save(legacy);
+    const loaded = db.load('legacy');
+    expect(loaded).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(loaded!.pendingNationOps).toEqual([]);
+    db.close();
+  });
+
   it('delete removes a game by id and reports absence otherwise', () => {
     const db = openDb(':memory:');
     db.save(makeState('a'));
diff --git a/server/db.ts b/server/db.ts
index 89706c8..eb54a4a 100644
--- a/server/db.ts
+++ b/server/db.ts
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ export function openDb(filePath: string): Db {
         // (v0.22, #16 P3) Rows saved before `GameState.unowned` existed load
         // with it defaulted: a legacy game has no no-man's-land regions.
         if (state.unowned === undefined) state.unowned = [];
+        // (v0.23, #16 P4a) Same for pending nation-op proposals: a legacy game
+        // has none awaiting confirm/reject.
+        if (state.pendingNationOps === undefined) state.pendingNationOps = [];
         return state;
       } catch {
         return null;
diff --git a/server/engine.test.ts b/server/engine.test.ts
index 8393ef2..ad83d37 100644
--- a/server/engine.test.ts
+++ b/server/engine.test.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,25 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
 import type { GameState, Preset, RoundItem } from '../shared/types';
-import { makeEvent, type TurnResult } from '../shared/protocol';
+import { makeEvent, type NationOp, type TurnResult } from '../shared/protocol';
 import type { LlmClient, ToolDefinition, WireMessage } from './llm';
 import { makeStubLlmClient } from './stub';
 import {
+  applyNationOp,
   applyTurnResult,
   buildSystemPrompt,
   buildUserPrompt,
+  confirmNationOp,
   GET_NEIGHBOURS_TOOL,
   isMeaningful,
   makeNeighboursExecutor,
   parseTurnResult,
   playerFrontier,
   queueRoundItem,
+  rejectNationOp,
   removeRoundItem,
+  resolveNationRef,
   runTurn,
+  validateNationOps,
   validateTurnResult,
 } from './engine';
 
@@ -79,6 +84,7 @@ function baseState(): GameState {
     pending: [],
     version: 1,
     unowned: [],
+    pendingNationOps: [],
   };
 }
 
@@ -425,6 +431,271 @@ describe('removeRoundItem', () => {
   });
 });
 
+describe('resolveNationRef (v0.23 #16 P4a)', () => {
+  it('resolves an exact id first (even if a name matches something else)', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    expect(resolveNationRef(state, 'de')).toBe('de');
+  });
+
+  it('resolves a unique name case-insensitively', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    expect(resolveNationRef(state, 'US')).toBe('us');
+    expect(resolveNationRef(state, ' uS ')).toBe('us'); // trimmed, case-insensitive
+  });
+
+  it('returns null for an ambiguous name (two nations share it)', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    state.nations.us.name = 'UK'; // now uk and us are both "UK"
+    expect(resolveNationRef(state, 'UK')).toBeNull();
+    // but the exact id still resolves
+    expect(resolveNationRef(state, 'uk')).toBe('uk');
+  });
+
+  it('returns null for an unknown or empty reference (never throws)', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    expect(resolveNationRef(state, 'zzz-not-a-nation')).toBeNull();
+    expect(resolveNationRef(state, '   ')).toBeNull();
+    expect(resolveNationRef(state, '')).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+describe('validateNationOps (v0.23 #16 P4a)', () => {
+  it('parses a valid rename (trimmed, capped) and drops invalid ones', () => {
+    const ops = validateNationOps([
+      { kind: 'rename', nationRef: ' de ', to: 'Reich' },
+      { kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'uk', to: '' }, // empty to -> dropped
+      { kind: 'rename', to: 'no ref' }, // missing nationRef -> dropped
+      { kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'us' }, // missing to -> dropped
+      { kind: 'bogus-kind' }, // unknown kind -> ignored
+      'not-an-object',
+      null,
+    ]);
+    expect(ops).toEqual([{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }]);
+  });
+
+  it('parses a valid split (parts with names kept, nameless parts dropped)', () => {
+    const ops = validateNationOps([
+      {
+        kind: 'split',
+        nationRef: 'de',
+        parts: [
+          { name: 'East', territory: ['DEU', ''] },
+          { name: '   ' }, // empty name -> part dropped
+          { name: 'West' },
+        ],
+      },
+    ]);
+    expect(ops).toEqual([
+      {
+        kind: 'split',
+        nationRef: 'de',
+        parts: [{ name: 'East', territory: ['DEU'] }, { name: 'West', territory: [] }],
+      },
+    ]);
+    // a split with no usable parts is dropped entirely
+    expect(validateNationOps([{ kind: 'split', nationRef: 'de', parts: [{ name: '' }] }])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('parses a valid merge and drops malformed ones', () => {
+    const ops = validateNationOps([
+      { kind: 'merge', nationRefs: ['uk', 'us'], survivingRef: 'uk', into: 'Anglo-Saxon Union' },
+      { kind: 'merge', nationRefs: [], survivingRef: 'uk', into: 'X' }, // no refs -> dropped
+      { kind: 'merge', nationRefs: ['uk'], survivingRef: '', into: 'X' }, // no survivor -> dropped
+      { kind: 'merge', nationRefs: ['uk'], survivingRef: 'uk' }, // no into -> dropped
+    ]);
+    expect(ops).toEqual([
+      { kind: 'merge', nationRefs: ['uk', 'us'], survivingRef: 'uk', into: 'Anglo-Saxon Union' },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns [] for non-array input and is never thrown by', () => {
+    expect(validateNationOps(undefined)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(validateNationOps('nope')).toEqual([]);
+    expect(validateNationOps({})).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('validateTurnResult carries validated nationOps through (and defaults to [] when absent)', () => {
+    const withOps = validateTurnResult({
+      date: '1939-09-03',
+      events: [],
+      stateChanges: [],
+      relations: [],
+      territoryChanges: [],
+      unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'France', to: 'French Republic' }],
+    });
+    expect(withOps).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(withOps!.nationOps).toEqual([{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'France', to: 'French Republic' }]);
+
+    const without = validateTurnResult({ date: '1939-09-03', events: [], stateChanges: [] });
+    expect(without).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(without!.nationOps).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('applyTurnResult (nation-op proposals, v0.23 #16 P4a)', () => {
+  it('a proposed rename is NOT applied by the turn — it lands in pendingNationOps, name untouched', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    const next = applyTurnResult(state, {
+      date: '1939-09-03',
+      events: [{ nation: 'de', type: 'political', title: 'Reunification', text: 'The nation is renamed.', outcome: 'success' }],
+      stateChanges: [],
+      relations: [],
+      territoryChanges: [],
+      unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }],
+    });
+    expect(next.nations.de.name).toBe('DE'); // still the old name
+    expect(next.pendingNationOps).toEqual([{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }]);
+    expect(next.version).toBe(2);
+    // the input is not mutated
+    expect(state.nations.de.name).toBe('DE');
+    expect(state.pendingNationOps).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('pending proposals SURVIVE a subsequent turn (unlike the round queue) and new ones append', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    state.pendingNationOps = [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }]; // unresolved from turn N-1
+    const next = applyTurnResult(state, {
+      date: '1939-09-03',
+      events: [],
+      stateChanges: [],
+      relations: [],
+      territoryChanges: [],
+      unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'us', to: 'USA' }], // new proposal this turn
+    });
+    expect(next.pendingNationOps).toEqual([
+      { kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }, // the old one survived
+      { kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'us', to: 'USA' }, // the new one was appended
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('a legacy state without the pendingNationOps field accepts proposals (defaulted to [])', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    delete (state as { pendingNationOps?: NationOp[] }).pendingNationOps; // simulate a pre-v0.23 row
+    const next = applyTurnResult(state, {
+      date: '1939-09-03',
+      events: [],
+      stateChanges: [],
+      relations: [],
+      territoryChanges: [],
+      unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }],
+    });
+    expect(next.pendingNationOps).toEqual([{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('confirmNationOp / rejectNationOp (v0.23 #16 P4a)', () => {
+  /**
+   * The pending list: op 0 is referenced by id ('de'); op 1 is referenced by
+   * NAME ('US' — the id is lowercase 'us'), so confirming it exercises the
+   * name-resolution path of resolveNationRef.
+   */
+  function stateWithPending(): GameState {
+    const s = baseState();
+    s.pendingNationOps = [
+      { kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' },
+      { kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'US', to: 'United States' },
+    ];
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  it('confirm applies a rename (name only — id/territory/relations/player pointer untouched) and removes the op, bumping the version', () => {
+    const state = stateWithPending();
+    const next = confirmNationOp(state, 0);
+    expect(next).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(next!.nations.de.name).toBe('Reich');
+    expect(next!.nations.de.id).toBe('de'); // id unchanged
+    expect(next!.nations.de.territory).toEqual(['DEU']); // territory unchanged
+    expect(next!.nations.uk.relations.de).toBe('hostile'); // relations (keyed by id) unchanged
+    expect(next!.playerNationId).toBe('uk'); // player pointer unchanged
+    expect(next!.pendingNationOps).toEqual([{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'US', to: 'United States' }]);
+    expect(next!.version).toBe(2);
+    // the input state is not mutated
+    expect(state.nations.de.name).toBe('DE');
+    expect(state.pendingNationOps).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(state.version).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it('confirm with an edits.name override renames to the player-edited name', () => {
+    const next = confirmNationOp(stateWithPending(), 0, { name: 'Greater Reich' });
+    expect(next!.nations.de.name).toBe('Greater Reich');
+  });
+
+  it('confirm with an empty edits.name falls back to the proposed name', () => {
+    const next = confirmNationOp(stateWithPending(), 0, { name: '   ' });
+    expect(next!.nations.de.name).toBe('Reich');
+  });
+
+  it('confirm resolves the target by name (not just id) — case-insensitively', () => {
+    const next = confirmNationOp(stateWithPending(), 1); // nationRef 'US' is a name, not the id 'us'
+    expect(next).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(next!.nations.us.name).toBe('United States');
+  });
+
+  it('confirm is a no-op on the world for a P4b-kind op (split/merge) — the op is still removed', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    state.pendingNationOps = [{ kind: 'split', nationRef: 'de', parts: [{ name: 'East' }] }];
+    const next = confirmNationOp(state, 0);
+    expect(next).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(next!.nations).toEqual(state.nations); // the world is untouched
+    expect(next!.pendingNationOps).toEqual([]); // ...but the proposal was resolved
+    expect(next!.version).toBe(2);
+  });
+
+  it('confirm with an invalid index returns null and mutates nothing', () => {
+    const state = stateWithPending();
+    expect(confirmNationOp(state, -1)).toBeNull();
+    expect(confirmNationOp(state, 2)).toBeNull();
+    expect(confirmNationOp(state, 0.5)).toBeNull();
+    expect(state.nations.de.name).toBe('DE');
+    expect(state.version).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it('reject drops the proposal without applying it, bumping the version', () => {
+    const state = stateWithPending();
+    const next = rejectNationOp(state, 0);
+    expect(next).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(next!.nations.de.name).toBe('DE'); // unchanged
+    expect(next!.pendingNationOps).toEqual([{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'US', to: 'United States' }]);
+    expect(next!.version).toBe(2);
+    expect(state.pendingNationOps).toHaveLength(2); // input untouched
+  });
+
+  it('reject with an invalid index returns null and mutates nothing', () => {
+    const state = stateWithPending();
+    expect(rejectNationOp(state, -1)).toBeNull();
+    expect(rejectNationOp(state, 2)).toBeNull();
+    expect(state.pendingNationOps).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(state.version).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it('an ambiguous/invalid nationRef is a no-op on confirm (the op is resolved, the world unchanged)', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    state.nations.us.name = 'UK'; // make "UK" ambiguous (uk and us)
+    state.pendingNationOps = [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'UK', to: 'Empire' }];
+    const next = confirmNationOp(state, 0);
+    expect(next).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(next!.nations.uk.name).toBe('UK'); // neither nation was renamed
+    expect(next!.nations.us.name).toBe('UK');
+    expect(next!.pendingNationOps).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('buildSystemPrompt (nationOps contract, v0.23 #16 P4a)', () => {
+  it('both modes contract the nationOps field and the rename proposal rule', () => {
+    for (const p of [buildSystemPrompt(preset), buildSystemPrompt(preset, true)]) {
+      // the JSON shape carries the field in both modes
+      expect(p).toMatch(/"nationOps": \[\{"kind":"rename","nationRef":"<nation id or name>","to":"<new name>"\}\]/);
+      // the rule explains that it is a proposal only the player can confirm
+      expect(p).toMatch(/PROPOSAL/);
+      expect(p).toMatch(/only takes effect if the player confirms/);
+    }
+  });
+});
+
 describe('parseTurnResult', () => {
   it('parses a fenced JSON block', () => {
     const r = parseTurnResult('```json\n{"date":"1939-09-03","events":[{"nation":"uk","type":"military","title":"t","text":"b","outcome":"success"}]}\n```');
@@ -478,6 +749,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult', () => {
       relations: [],
       territoryChanges: [],
       unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [],
     };
     applyTurnResult(state, result);
     expect(JSON.stringify(state)).toBe(snapshot);
@@ -493,6 +765,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult', () => {
       relations: [],
       territoryChanges: [],
       unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [],
     };
     const next = applyTurnResult(state, result);
     expect(next.pending).toEqual([]);
@@ -514,6 +787,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult', () => {
       // is not a real key at all. Both are proposed as a gain by DE.
       territoryChanges: [{ nation: 'de', gain: ['wales-bbbb', 'not-a-region-xyz'], lose: [] }],
       unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [],
     };
     const next = applyTurnResult(state, result, new Set(['wales-bbbb']));
     // the valid key was gained (taken from its sole previous owner); the bogus one was ignored
@@ -538,6 +812,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult', () => {
       // released (not in state.unowned), so it does not enter GameState.unowned.
       territoryChanges: [{ nation: 'de', gain: ['POL', 'wales-bbbb'], lose: [] }],
       unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [],
     };
     const next = applyTurnResult(state, result); // no validKeys -> nothing filtered
     expect(next.nations.de.territory).toContain('wales-bbbb');
@@ -554,6 +829,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult (sole-ownership invariants, v0.21 #16 P2)', () => {
     stateChanges: [],
     relations: [],
     unowned: [],
+    nationOps: [],
   };
 
   it('a double claim (two different gainers, one key) is rejected: the key stays with its original owner', () => {
@@ -642,6 +918,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult (no man\'s land, v0.22 #16 P3)', () => {
     relations: [],
     territoryChanges: [],
     unowned: [],
+    nationOps: [],
   };
 
   it('a release removes the key from its sole owner and marks it in GameState.unowned', () => {
@@ -756,7 +1033,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult (no man\'s land, v0.22 #16 P3)', () => {
 
   it('a lone release is meaningful (it survives the retry/nudge path)', () => {
     expect(
-      isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: ['GBR'] }),
+      isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: ['GBR'], nationOps: [] }),
     ).toBe(true);
   });
 
@@ -1063,8 +1340,22 @@ describe('buildSystemPrompt (tool mode, v0.21 #16 P2)', () => {
 
 describe('isMeaningful', () => {
   it('is true with an event, false when everything is empty', () => {
-    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [{ nation: 'uk', type: 'military', title: 't', text: 'b', outcome: 'neutral' }], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [] })).toBe(true);
-    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [{ nation: 'uk', stat: 'military', op: 'set', value: 5 }], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [] })).toBe(true);
-    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [] })).toBe(false);
+    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [{ nation: 'uk', type: 'military', title: 't', text: 'b', outcome: 'neutral' }], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [], nationOps: [] })).toBe(true);
+    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [{ nation: 'uk', stat: 'military', op: 'set', value: 5 }], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [], nationOps: [] })).toBe(true);
+    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [], nationOps: [] })).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('(v0.23 #16 P4a) a turn that only proposes a nation-op is meaningful (it survives the retry/nudge path)', () => {
+    expect(
+      isMeaningful({
+        date: 'x',
+        events: [],
+        stateChanges: [],
+        relations: [],
+        territoryChanges: [],
+        unowned: [],
+        nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }],
+      }),
+    ).toBe(true);
   });
 });
diff --git a/server/engine.ts b/server/engine.ts
index d19a38b..4903f32 100644
--- a/server/engine.ts
+++ b/server/engine.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   isDateLike,
   makeEvent,
   nationForPrompt,
+  type NationOp,
   type TurnEventSpec,
   type TurnResult,
 } from '../shared/protocol';
@@ -176,13 +177,15 @@ export function buildSystemPrompt(preset: Preset, withNeighboursTool = false): s
     '  "stateChanges": [{"nation":"<nationId>","stat":"<military|economy|stability|population>","op":"<set|add>","value":<0-100>}],',
     '  "relations": [{"a":"<nationId>","b":"<nationId>","set":"<ally|neutral|rival|hostile|war>"}],',
     '  "territoryChanges": [{"nation":"<nationId>","gain":["<region key>"],"lose":["<region key>"]}],',
-    '  "unowned": ["<region key>"]',
+    '  "unowned": ["<region key>"],',
+    '  "nationOps": [{"kind":"rename","nationRef":"<nation id or name>","to":"<new name>"}]',
     '}',
     '',
     'HARD CONSTRAINTS',
     '- Use only nation ids and region keys that exist in the provided state.',
     '- A region key identifies one sub-region; the "regions" table in the user message maps each key to "<region name> (<parent country ISO_A3>)". Use those keys in territoryChanges and unowned.',
     '- List in "unowned" only region keys that a nation currently owns, and narrate each release in "events".',
+    '- To rename a nation, add {"kind":"rename","nationRef":"<nation id or name>","to":"<new name>"} to "nationOps". This is a PROPOSAL: it only takes effect if the player confirms it, so use it only when the narrative justifies it (a revolution, reunification, regime change) — at most 1-2 per turn — and narrate it in "events".',
     '- Prefer 1-4 events per turn; keep each text 1-3 sentences.',
     '- Keep your internal reasoning brief (a few sentences) and go straight to the JSON result; do not over-deliberate or re-derive facts already present in the state.',
     '- Keep every stat value between 0 and 100.',
@@ -316,6 +319,53 @@ function str(s: unknown, max = 0): string | null {
   return max ? t.slice(0, max) : t;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Validate a raw (LLM) `nationOps` array into safe {@link NationOp} values
+ * (v0.23, #16 P4a). Defensive like the rest of the parser: entries with an
+ * unknown `kind` or missing/empty required fields are dropped, never throw.
+ * Rename: non-empty `nationRef` + `to` (each capped at 200 chars — resolution
+ * of `nationRef` to a concrete nation happens later, at confirm time). Split:
+ * non-empty `nationRef` + at least one part with a name. Merge: non-empty
+ * `nationRefs` (capped at 20) + `survivingRef` + `into`.
+ */
+export function validateNationOps(raw: unknown): NationOp[] {
+  if (!Array.isArray(raw)) return [];
+  const out: NationOp[] = [];
+  for (const e of raw) {
+    if (!e || typeof e !== 'object') continue;
+    const o = e as Record<string, unknown>;
+    if (o.kind === 'rename') {
+      const nationRef = str(o.nationRef, 200);
+      const to = str(o.to, 200);
+      if (nationRef && to) out.push({ kind: 'rename', nationRef, to });
+    } else if (o.kind === 'split') {
+      const nationRef = str(o.nationRef, 200);
+      const parts = (Array.isArray(o.parts) ? o.parts : [])
+        .filter((p): p is Record<string, unknown> => !!p && typeof p === 'object')
+        .map((p) => {
+          const name = str(p.name, 200);
+          const territory = Array.isArray(p.territory)
+            ? p.territory.filter((k): k is string => typeof k === 'string' && k.trim() !== '')
+            : [];
+          return { name, territory };
+        })
+        .filter((p): p is { name: string; territory: string[] } => p.name !== null);
+      if (nationRef && parts.length > 0) out.push({ kind: 'split', nationRef, parts });
+    } else if (o.kind === 'merge') {
+      const nationRefs = (Array.isArray(o.nationRefs) ? o.nationRefs : [])
+        .map((x) => (typeof x === 'string' ? x.trim().slice(0, 200) : ''))
+        .filter((x) => x !== '')
+        .slice(0, 20);
+      const survivingRef = str(o.survivingRef, 200);
+      const into = str(o.into, 200);
+      if (nationRefs.length > 0 && survivingRef && into) {
+        out.push({ kind: 'merge', nationRefs, survivingRef, into });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
 /**
  * Validate and normalize an arbitrary parsed object into a safe TurnResult.
  * Ignores unknown/invalid entries; clamps numeric stats to 0-100. Returns null
@@ -331,6 +381,7 @@ export function validateTurnResult(input: unknown): TurnResult | null {
     relations: [],
     territoryChanges: [],
     unowned: [],
+    nationOps: [],
   };
 
   if (Array.isArray(o.events)) {
@@ -415,17 +466,29 @@ export function validateTurnResult(input: unknown): TurnResult | null {
     }
   }
 
+  // (v0.23, #16 P4a) Nation-management ops the LLM proposes this turn. These
+  // are NOT applied by the turn — applyTurnResult appends them to the pending
+  // list for the player to confirm/reject.
+  result.nationOps = validateNationOps(o.nationOps);
+
   return result;
 }
 
 /**
- * A turn is "meaningful" if it produced at least an event, a stat change, or
- * a no-man's-land release (v0.22 #16 P3: a release is a real world change even
- * when the model under-narrates it, so it must survive the retry/nudge path
- * instead of being replaced by the generic "unclear" result).
+ * A turn is "meaningful" if it produced at least an event, a stat change, a
+ * no-man's-land release (v0.22 #16 P3: a release is a real world change even
+ * when the model under-narrates it), or a nation-op proposal (v0.23 #16 P4a:
+ * a proposal is a real pending-world change the player will resolve, so it
+ * must survive the retry/nudge path instead of being replaced by the generic
+ * "unclear" result).
  */
 export function isMeaningful(result: TurnResult): boolean {
-  return result.events.length > 0 || result.stateChanges.length > 0 || result.unowned.length > 0;
+  return (
+    result.events.length > 0 ||
+    result.stateChanges.length > 0 ||
+    result.unowned.length > 0 ||
+    result.nationOps.length > 0
+  );
 }
 
 // --- Applying the delta -------------------------------------------------------
@@ -443,7 +506,10 @@ function genericUnclearEvent(state: GameState): TurnEventSpec {
 /**
  * Apply a TurnResult to a GameState immutably: advance the date/turn, append
  * events, apply stat changes (clamped), symmetric relations, and territory
- * moves (including no-man's-land releases, v0.22 #16 P3).
+ * moves (including no-man's-land releases, v0.22 #16 P3). It also appends any
+ * proposed nation-ops to the pending list (v0.23 #16 P4a) without applying
+ * them — see the doc comment on `pendingNationOps` for why that list
+ * deliberately survives across turns.
  */
 export function applyTurnResult(state: GameState, result: TurnResult, validKeys?: ReadonlySet<string>): GameState {
   const next: GameState = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(state));
@@ -559,6 +625,13 @@ export function applyTurnResult(state: GameState, result: TurnResult, validKeys?
   }
 
   next.unowned = [...unowned];
+  // (v0.23, #16 P4a) Nation-op proposals are NOT applied by the turn — they
+  // are appended to the pending list, which (unlike `pending`) SURVIVES
+  // across turns until the player confirms or rejects each one. `next` is a
+  // deep clone of `state`, so `next.pendingNationOps` is a copy of whatever
+  // the state already held (or undefined for a legacy row) — start from that
+  // and append the new proposals, defaulting a missing field to `[]`.
+  next.pendingNationOps = [...(next.pendingNationOps ?? []), ...result.nationOps];
   return next;
 }
 
@@ -593,6 +666,96 @@ export function removeRoundItem(state: GameState, index: number | undefined): Ga
   return next;
 }
 
+// --- Nation-management ops (v0.23, #16 P4a: the hybrid "LLM proposes,
+// player confirms" model) ----------------------------------------------------
+//
+// A NationOp proposed by a turn lands in `GameState.pendingNationOps` (see
+// applyTurnResult) and waits there across turns. These functions resolve the
+// player's decision on one pending proposal, by index. Like removeRoundItem
+// they are pure: clone the state, mutate the clone, bump `version` once,
+// return the new state — and return `null` for a bad index so the route can
+// answer 400 without mutating anything.
+
+/** True when `index` is a valid, in-bounds integer position in the pending list. */
+function validPendingOpIndex(state: GameState, index: number): boolean {
+  const len = state.pendingNationOps?.length ?? 0;
+  return Number.isInteger(index) && index >= 0 && index < len;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve a nation reference (the `nationRef` of a NationOp — the LLM may
+ * write either the nation's stable `id` or its human-readable `name`) to a
+ * concrete nation id: an exact id match wins, then a unique case-insensitive
+ * name match. Returns `null` when the reference is empty, unknown, or
+ * ambiguous (two or more nations share that name) — every caller treats
+ * `null` as "no-op" and nothing here ever throws.
+ */
+export function resolveNationRef(state: GameState, ref: string): string | null {
+  const r = (ref ?? '').trim();
+  if (!r) return null;
+  if (state.nations[r]) return r; // exact id first
+  const matches = Object.values(state.nations).filter(
+    (n) => n.name.trim().toLowerCase() === r.toLowerCase(),
+  );
+  return matches.length === 1 ? matches[0].id : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply one NationOp to a state, MUTATING the passed object in place (the
+ * caller passes a clone — confirmNationOp does) and NOT bumping `version`
+ * (the route-level functions do that once per decision). Rename changes only
+ * `Nation.name` — the id, its territory, its relations (keyed by id), and the
+ * player pointer all stay valid, so nothing downstream breaks; a
+ * player-supplied `edits.name` overrides the proposed `to` (an empty edit
+ * falls back to the proposal's own name). An unresolvable or ambiguous
+ * `nationRef` is a silent no-op. Split and merge are declared for P4b and are
+ * a no-op until then — the op stays pending-free once the player resolves it,
+ * but the world does not change yet.
+ */
+export function applyNationOp(state: GameState, op: NationOp, edits?: { name?: string }): void {
+  if (op.kind !== 'rename') return; // split/merge: declared for P4b, not applied yet
+  const id = resolveNationRef(state, op.nationRef);
+  if (id === null) return; // invalid/ambiguous ref: no-op
+  const n = state.nations[id];
+  if (!n) return;
+  const name = (edits?.name ?? '').trim() || op.to.trim();
+  if (name) n.name = name;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Confirm a pending nation-op proposal by index: apply it (a rename takes
+ * effect, optionally with a player-edited name; split/merge are a no-op until
+ * P4b) and remove it from `pendingNationOps`, bumping `version`. Returns
+ * `null` for an invalid index, so the route answers 400 without mutating.
+ * Reused by the /nation-op/confirm route.
+ */
+export function confirmNationOp(
+  state: GameState,
+  index: number,
+  edits?: { name?: string },
+): GameState | null {
+  if (!validPendingOpIndex(state, index)) return null;
+  const next: GameState = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(state));
+  next.version = (state.version ?? 0) + 1;
+  const op = next.pendingNationOps[index];
+  applyNationOp(next, op, edits);
+  next.pendingNationOps.splice(index, 1);
+  return next;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reject (drop) a pending nation-op proposal by index without applying it,
+ * bumping `version`. Returns `null` for an invalid index, so the route
+ * answers 400 without mutating. Reused by the /nation-op/reject route.
+ */
+export function rejectNationOp(state: GameState, index: number): GameState | null {
+  if (!validPendingOpIndex(state, index)) return null;
+  const next: GameState = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(state));
+  next.version = (state.version ?? 0) + 1;
+  next.pendingNationOps.splice(index, 1);
+  return next;
+}
+
 /**
  * Run one turn end-to-end against the (injectable) LLM: build prompts, parse/
  * validate, retry once with a nudge if the result is empty/invalid, and — if
@@ -674,6 +837,7 @@ export async function runTurn(opts: {
       relations: [],
       territoryChanges: [],
       unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [],
     };
   }
 
diff --git a/server/index.ts b/server/index.ts
index ffee203..f4696f2 100644
--- a/server/index.ts
+++ b/server/index.ts
@@ -128,6 +128,10 @@ app.post('/api/games', (req: Request, res) => {
     // starts with nothing released; this list grows as the LLM releases
     // regions and shrinks as they get re-claimed.
     unowned: [],
+    // (v0.23, #16 P4a) No pending nation-op proposals on a fresh game; the
+    // list grows as the LLM proposes renames (and, later, splits/merges) and
+    // shrinks as the player confirms or rejects them.
+    pendingNationOps: [],
   };
   // v0.19 (#16 P1): expand each nation's ISO_A3 country list to the region keys
   // of all its sub-regions, so ownership (and the choropleth) is at region
diff --git a/server/map.test.ts b/server/map.test.ts
index 7f34ad1..f469f4e 100644
--- a/server/map.test.ts
+++ b/server/map.test.ts
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ const state: GameState = {
   pending: [],
   version: 1,
   unowned: [],
+  pendingNationOps: [],
 };
 
 // The RegionMap built from the fixture: the authoritative region key → owner source.
diff --git a/server/regions.test.ts b/server/regions.test.ts
index d6a3dd9..567c3a4 100644
--- a/server/regions.test.ts
+++ b/server/regions.test.ts
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ describe('regions (region-key loader, v0.19 #16 P1)', () => {
       pending: [],
       version: 1,
       unowned: [],
+      pendingNationOps: [],
     };
     // 16 GBR sub-regions + 42 FRA sub-regions, no overlap between the two.
     expect(allTerritoryKeys(state).size).toBe(58);
diff --git a/server/stub.ts b/server/stub.ts
index 85e1763..3e09a95 100644
--- a/server/stub.ts
+++ b/server/stub.ts
@@ -57,6 +57,10 @@ function truncate(s: string, n: number): string {
  * always returns `unowned: []`) — e2e assertions rely on its fully-deterministic
  * one-conquest behavior, so the release/re-claim path is exercised by unit
  * tests only (see server/engine.test.ts).
+ *
+ * (v0.23, #16 P4a) The stub likewise NEVER proposes nation-management ops (it
+ * always returns `nationOps: []`) — the propose→confirm/reject flow is
+ * covered by unit tests only, keeping the e2e assertions untouched.
  */
 export function deterministicTurn(p: StubPayload): TurnResult {
   const state = p.state;
@@ -121,6 +125,7 @@ export function deterministicTurn(p: StubPayload): TurnResult {
     relations: otherId ? [{ a: pid, b: otherId, set: 'ally' }] : [],
     territoryChanges,
     unowned: [], // the stub never creates no man's land (see doc comment)
+    nationOps: [], // the stub never proposes nation ops (see doc comment)
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/shared/protocol.ts b/shared/protocol.ts
index eedb80f..a8b73d0 100644
--- a/shared/protocol.ts
+++ b/shared/protocol.ts
@@ -30,6 +30,74 @@ export interface TerritoryChange {
   lose: string[];
 }
 
+// --- Nation-management ops (v0.23, #16 P4a: the hybrid "LLM proposes, player
+// confirms" model) -----------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Unlike stat / relation / territory deltas, a NationOp proposed in a turn is
+// NOT applied by that turn. It is stored as a *pending proposal* in
+// `GameState.pendingNationOps` and only takes effect when the player confirms
+// it (optionally editing it) or is dropped when the player rejects it. Rename
+// is implemented in v0.23 (P4a); split and merge are declared here so the union
+// is stable for P4b, and are defensively accepted-but-not-applied until then.
+
+/**
+ * The identity reference a nation is addressed by inside a {@link NationOp}.
+ * The LLM may use either the nation's stable `id` (the `nations` record key,
+ * e.g. `f`) or its human-readable `name` (e.g. `France`); the engine resolves
+ * it to a concrete `nationId` (id first, then a unique name match — see the
+ * engine's `resolveNationRef`).
+ */
+
+/**
+ * A **rename** proposal: change a nation's human-readable `name`. Only the
+ * `name` changes — the stable `id`, its territory keys, its relations (keyed
+ * by id), and the player pointer are all left untouched, so nothing downstream
+ * breaks. `to` is the new display name.
+ */
+export interface RenameOp {
+  kind: 'rename';
+  /** The target nation's id or current name (see the note above). */
+  nationRef: string;
+  /** The new display name to apply when the player confirms. */
+  to: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A **split** proposal (declared for #16 P4b; **not** applied by the engine yet
+ * — it is accepted into the pending list, but confirming it is a no-op until
+ * P4b lands). Describes the new nations a source nation is divided into.
+ */
+export interface SplitOp {
+  kind: 'split';
+  /** The id/name of the nation being split. */
+  nationRef: string;
+  /** The new nations created from the split. */
+  parts: Array<{ name: string; territory?: string[] }>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A **merge** proposal (declared for #16 P4b; **not** applied by the engine yet
+ * — accepted into the pending list, no-op on confirm until P4b). Folds several
+ * nations into a single surviving nation.
+ */
+export interface MergeOp {
+  kind: 'merge';
+  /** The id/name of every nation folded into the result. */
+  nationRefs: string[];
+  /** The id/name of the nation that survives and keeps its identity. */
+  survivingRef: string;
+  /** The name to give the merged nation. */
+  into: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A structural operation on the set of nations that the LLM may propose in a
+ * turn (`TurnResult.nationOps`). See the section comment above for the hybrid
+ * propose→confirm semantics. Rename is implemented (P4a); split/merge are
+ * declared for P4b and are a safe no-op until then.
+ */
+export type NationOp = RenameOp | SplitOp | MergeOp;
+
 /** One narrative event the LLM proposes for this turn. */
 export interface TurnEventSpec {
   nation: string;
@@ -56,6 +124,15 @@ export interface TurnResult {
    * empty on normal turns.
    */
   unowned: string[];
+  /**
+   * (v0.23, #16 P4a) Nation-management ops the LLM proposes this turn. These
+   * are NOT applied by the turn: each is appended to
+   * `GameState.pendingNationOps` as a proposal awaiting the player's
+   * confirm/reject. Rename is the only kind the engine currently applies;
+   * split/merge are declared for P4b and are accepted-but-dropped. Empty on
+   * turns where the model proposes none.
+   */
+  nationOps: NationOp[];
 }
 
 /** Per-region map payload: region key -> owning nation + its stable color. */
@@ -162,6 +239,32 @@ export interface RemoveQueueItemResponse {
   game: GameState;
 }
 
+/**
+ * (v0.23, #16 P4a) Confirm a pending nation-op proposal by its index in
+ * `game.pendingNationOps`. A rename takes effect (the player may override the
+ * proposed name via `edits.name`); split/merge proposals are a no-op on
+ * confirm until P4b. No LLM call, no turn advance.
+ */
+export interface ConfirmNationOpRequest {
+  index: number;
+  /** Optional player edits applied on confirm (rename: the final display name). */
+  edits?: { name?: string };
+}
+export interface ConfirmNationOpResponse {
+  game: GameState;
+}
+
+/**
+ * (v0.23, #16 P4a) Reject (drop) a pending nation-op proposal by its index
+ * in `game.pendingNationOps` without applying it. No LLM call, no turn advance.
+ */
+export interface RejectNationOpRequest {
+  index: number;
+}
+export interface RejectNationOpResponse {
+  game: GameState;
+}
+
 export interface AdvisorRequest {
   /** Optional prompt to steer the brainstorm. */
   prompt?: string;
diff --git a/shared/types.ts b/shared/types.ts
index 297290b..0d369ad 100644
--- a/shared/types.ts
+++ b/shared/types.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 // Domain types — the single source of truth shared by the frontend (src/), the
 // backend (server/), and the LLM prompt contract. No runtime dependencies here.
+// (The single `import type` below erases at compile time, so no runtime
+// dependency on protocol.ts is introduced — see the GameState.pendingNationOps
+// doc comment.)
+import type { NationOp } from './protocol';
 
 /** A nation's 0–100 status indices. Every value is clamped to 0–100 by the engine. */
 export interface NationStats {
@@ -133,6 +137,21 @@ export interface GameState {
    * this defaulted to `[]` (see server/db.ts).
    */
   unowned: string[];
+  /**
+   * (v0.23, #16 P4a) Nation-management ops the LLM has proposed but the player
+   * has not yet resolved: a *pending proposal* list, as opposed to `pending`
+   * (the current round's queued player actions). A turn NEVER applies one —
+   * `applyTurnResult` appends the turn's `nationOps` to this list, and each
+   * proposal survives across turns until the player resolves it: confirming
+   * applies it (a rename changes `Nation.name` only — the id, its territory,
+   * its relations, and the player pointer all stay valid) and removes it;
+   * rejecting removes it without applying. Split/merge are declared for P4b
+   * and are a safe no-op on confirm until then. Always `[]` on a fresh game;
+   * rows saved before v0.23 load with this defaulted to `[]` (see server/db.ts).
+   * (The `NationOp` type lives in protocol.ts; the import there is type-only,
+   * so this file still has no runtime dependencies.)
+   */
+  pendingNationOps: NationOp[];
 }
 
 /**