diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index 08a8b46..90f9797 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ history/
 ├── eslint.config.js        # flat config (ESLint 9)
 ├── tsconfig.json           # strict; aliases @/ → src/, @shared/ → shared/
 ├── vite.config.ts          # dev server + proxy /api,/sse → :4321; @ / @shared aliases
-├── vitest.config.ts        # unit tests (server/**/*.test.ts + scripts/**/*.test.ts; 168 tests)
+├── vitest.config.ts        # unit tests (server/**/*.test.ts + scripts/**/*.test.ts; 189 tests)
 ├── playwright.config.ts    # deterministic e2e (webServer runs npm run dev, LLM_STUB=1)
 ├── index.html
 ├── presets/                # 5 scenario JSON files + index.json (manifest)
@@ -64,12 +64,13 @@ history/
 │   ├── countries.geo.json  # 177 countries, id=ISO_A3 (input to the region generator)
 │   ├── regions.geo.json    # 1,800 sub-regions, id=<ISO_A3>-<nn>, parent=ISO_A3 (the choropleth)
 │   ├── region-keys.json    # feature id -> region key, 1,800 entries (the ownership/LLM address space, #16 P1)
-│   └── region-adjacency.json # region key -> bordering region keys, 1,800 entries (the getNeighbours data, #16 P2)
+│   ├── region-adjacency.json # region key -> bordering region keys, 1,800 entries (the getNeighbours data, #16 P2)
+│   └── region-centroids.json # region key -> {lat,lon,spread} anchor for map markers, 1,800 entries (#44)
 ├── scripts/                # the geo/manifest data pipeline — .mjs (turf allowed HERE only;
 │   │                       #   never imported by .ts): generate → coarsen → cleanup → smooth →
 │   │                       #   fill-gaps → split-arkhangel → split-arkhangel-band → build-region-keys
-│   │                       #   → build-region-adjacency
-│   └── *.test.ts           # turf-free vitest tests pinning the dataset + both manifests
+│   │                       #   → build-region-adjacency → build-region-centroids
+│   └── *.test.ts           # turf-free vitest tests pinning the dataset + the manifests
 ├── shared/                 # NO runtime deps — the single source of truth
 │   ├── types.ts            #   domain types (Nation, GameState, RoundItem, Preset, …)
 │   └── protocol.ts         #   LLM TurnResult schema (incl. `unowned`, v0.22 #16 P3, and
@@ -115,13 +116,13 @@ history/
 | `npm run dev` | Express on :4321 (tsx watch) + Vite on :5173 (proxies `/api`,`/sse`) concurrently |
 | `npm run build` | `vite build` (client → `dist/`) then `tsup server/index.ts` → `server/dist/index.js` |
 | `npm start` | run the compiled server (`node server/dist/index.js`) on :4321 |
-| `npm test` | vitest unit tests (`server/` + `scripts/`; 168 tests) |
+| `npm test` | vitest unit tests (`server/` + `scripts/`; 189 tests) |
 | `npm run typecheck` | `tsc --noEmit` (strict) across src/server/shared/e2e/configs |
 | `npm run lint` | ESLint flat config |
 | `npm run e2e` | Playwright, fully deterministic (`LLM_STUB=1`); **runs in CI on every PR** (see below) |
 | `npm run split:regions` | (re)apply the #31 Arkhangel'sk split (`RU-ARK` → mainland + `RU-ARK-NE` + `RU-ARK-SZ`) — idempotent no-op once applied |
 | `npm run split:regions:band` | (re)apply the #41 Arctic-coast-band split (`RU-ARK` mainland's 28-part lat ≥ 68 band → `RU-PEO` + `RU-YAM`) — idempotent no-op once applied |
-| `npm run build:region-keys` / `build:region-adjacency` | (re)generate the `public/region-keys.json` / `region-adjacency.json` manifests — deterministic + idempotent (byte-identical re-run) |
+| `npm run build:region-keys` / `build:region-adjacency` / `build:region-centroids` | (re)generate the `public/region-keys.json` / `region-adjacency.json` / `region-centroids.json` manifests — deterministic + idempotent (byte-identical re-run) |
 | `docker compose up -d --build` | prod image on :4321, routed via Traefik at `history.dev.kkhost.pl` |
 
 **Local verification (before every PR):** `npm run typecheck` + `npm run lint` + `npm test` (unit) + `npm run build`. The full **e2e** suite (`npm run e2e`) is verified by **CI on every PR** (the Playwright config boots its own dev webServer with `LLM_STUB=1`) — locally you only need the four checks above; e2e is the CI source of truth.
@@ -249,6 +250,42 @@ history/
   three op shapes as a proposal queue (at most 1–2 per turn, each narrated in events). The stub
   never proposes a nation op (`nationOps: []`), so this path is covered by unit tests only
   (`server/engine.test.ts`).
+- **Map markers (v0.27, #44) — LLM-placed named points, region-anchored, canvas-icon rendered.**
+  The LLM can place named **point markers** on the map each turn: eight `MarkerType`s
+  (`city, factory, army, port, capital, fleet, rocket, gathering`; a **capital** is at most one
+  per nation, a **gathering** a political/social mass event that can enable a non-military
+  takeover). `TurnResult.markers = { add: MarkerSpec[]; remove: string[] }` (both required,
+  default `[]`; `MarkerSpec = { type, name, regionKey }`). A marker's stable `id` is the FNV-1a
+  32-bit hash of `` `${type}\u0000${name}\u0000${regionKey}` `` rendered as four lowercase
+  base-26 characters (mirroring the region-key scheme) — so a **re-add is idempotent** and a
+  **remove is unambiguous** (by id). `GameState.markers: MapMarker[]` is required (`[]` at game
+  creation; a legacy SQLite row without the field loads as `[]` — additive, never wipes).
+  `applyTurnResult` handles markers **after** territory claims: (1) remove by id (absent id →
+  no-op); (2) **recompute every surviving marker's `ownerNationId` from the final post-claim
+  ownership** — a marker always follows its region (a captured region follows its new owner; a
+  region released to no man's land, or a key with 0 or 2+ owners, becomes `null`); (3) add — each
+  new spec is placed at its region's centroid (from `public/region-centroids.json`, injected via
+  the optional `centroidOf` param on `applyTurnResult`) plus a deterministic per-axis jitter
+  (`spread ≈ 0.1 × the largest part's smallest bbox dimension`, so multiple markers of one region
+  scatter instead of stacking), owned by the region's post-turn owner, stamped with the acting
+  turn. Adds are **dropped, never thrown**, when the region key is unknown or has no centroid,
+  when the id already exists, or beyond the hard cap `MAX_MARKERS = 400`. The system prompt
+  documents the field + types + placement rules; `buildUserPrompt` carries the current markers
+  (as `MarkerInfo[]`) so the model can reference their ids in `remove`; a marker add/remove makes
+  a turn "meaningful". **Rendering is canvas-generated per-type ICON images, NOT text labels**
+  (`src/components/WorldMap.tsx`): every external glyph/font endpoint is a dead 404 (OpenFreeMap's
+  `fonts/{stack}/{range}.pbf` and `demotiles.maplibre.org/font/…`) and the OFM dark basemap only
+  renders because it is **raster** (labels baked into the tiles) — there is no working vector
+  font, so markers are drawn as self-contained, offline, deterministic per-type icons
+  (`drawMarkerIcon`: distinct shape per type, filled with the type color, outlined for legibility),
+  registered as named `ImageData` images that survive `styledata`. The marker **name shows in the
+  hover tooltip** (not a persistent on-map label), and **clicking a marker focuses its owning
+  nation's dossier**. There are **no separate marker event handlers** — MapLibre's per-layer event
+  delegates fire independently (no `stopPropagation`), so the region hover/click handlers instead
+  `queryRenderedFeatures` the marker layer under the cursor and act on the marker when present.
+  The **stub is marker-free** (`markers: { add: [], remove: [] }`) — e2e (CI, `LLM_STUB=1`) is
+  unaffected and the marker path is unit-tested only (`server/engine.test.ts`,
+  `scripts/region-centroids.test.ts`, `server/regions.test.ts`, `server/db.test.ts`).
 - **Map click → dossier target (owner resolved from the RegionMap, by region key).**
   Clicking a sub-region does NOT open a popup — it switches the dossier to that sub-region's
   owning nation (`focusNation(ownerId, {name})` in `App.tsx`, which also records which region was
@@ -369,7 +406,8 @@ history/
   (works on `node:22-slim`/glibc). It's the sole `--external` in the tsup server bundle.
 - The `dist/` client is committed to the build output only; the `public/` data files
   (`regions.geo.json` — the choropleth — `region-keys.json` + `region-adjacency.json` — the
-  ownership/adjacency manifests — and `countries.geo.json`) are copied into `dist/` by Vite at
+  ownership/adjacency manifests — `region-centroids.json` — the marker anchors (#44) — and
+   `countries.geo.json`) are copied into `dist/` by Vite at
   build time, so the prod image serves them from `dist/` (no separate copy). The server's region
   loader (`server/regions.ts`) probes `public/` then `dist/` for the manifest pair, because the
   Docker image keeps only `dist/` (the v0.20 fix — before it, region-level ownership silently
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b4ab668..65feea0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,18 @@
 
 All notable changes to **History** are listed here, newest first.
 
+## v0.27.0 — 2026-10-14 22:34
+- **#44: the LLM can place named point markers on the map.** The model may now place up to a handful of named *point markers* per turn (a capital, city, factory complex, army deployment, port, fleet concentration, rocket launch site, or a political **gathering**), each anchored to a region key, persisted per game, and rendered on the choropleth as a MapLibre symbol layer.
+  - **Types (`shared/types.ts` + `shared/protocol.ts`).** Eight `MarkerType`s — `city, factory, army, port, capital, fleet, rocket, gathering` — with a shared `MARKER_TYPE_INFO` map (display label + color + glyph). A `MapMarker = { id, type, name, regionKey, lat, lon, ownerNationId, placedTurn }`; `GameState.markers: MapMarker[]` is **required** (`[]` at game creation, and a legacy SQLite row without the field loads as `[]` — additive, never wipes existing markers). `TurnResult.markers = { add: MarkerSpec[]; remove: string[] }` (both required, default `[]`); `MarkerSpec = { type, name, regionKey }`.
+  - **Stable ids (`shared/protocol.ts`).** A marker's `id` is the FNV-1a 32-bit hash of `` `${type}\u0000${name}\u0000${regionKey}` `` rendered as four lowercase base-26 characters (mirroring the region-key scheme). This makes a **re-add idempotent** (the same type+name+region never creates a second marker) and a **remove unambiguous** (by id).
+  - **Centroid data (`public/region-centroids.json`, new).** ~1,800 entries keyed identically to `region-keys.json`, each `{ lat, lon, spread }`: the anchor is the **centroid of the region's largest-area part** (a single representative point, not an average across disjoint parts), and `spread` ≈ **0.1 × that part's smallest bbox dimension** (in degrees). A new idempotent pipeline stage `scripts/build-region-centroids.mjs` (`npm run build:region-centroids`) regenerates it deterministically (byte-identical re-run, sha256-pinned by the test). The engine uses the centroid as the marker's base position and the `spread` to jitter multiple markers of one region around it (a deterministic per-axis FNV-1a-derived offset, so markers scatter instead of stacking).
+  - **Engine (`server/engine.ts`).** `applyTurnResult` processes markers **after** territory claims, in three steps: (1) remove by id (a listed-but-absent id is a no-op); (2) **recompute every surviving marker's `ownerNationId` from the final post-claim ownership** — a captured region follows its new owner, a region released to no man's land (or a key with 0 or 2+ owners) becomes `null` (a marker always follows its region); (3) add — each new spec is placed at its region's centroid (injected via a new optional `centroidOf` param) plus the per-axis jitter, owned by the region's post-turn owner, stamped with the acting turn. Adds are dropped (never thrown) when their region key is unknown / has no centroid, when the id already exists (idempotent re-add), or beyond the hard cap `MAX_MARKERS = 400` (later adds dropped). The system prompt documents the field, the eight types, and the placement rules; `buildUserPrompt` carries the current markers (as `MarkerInfo[]`) so the model can reference their stable ids in `remove`; `isMeaningful` treats a marker add/remove as a real world change.
+  - **Client (`src/components/WorldMap.tsx`).** A second GeoJSON source + a symbol layer sits above the choropleth. **Deliberate deviation from the original "name as a text label" design:** every external glyph endpoint is a dead 404 (OpenFreeMap's `fonts/{stack}/{range}.pbf` and `demotiles.maplibre.org/font/…`), and the OFM dark basemap only renders at all because it is **raster** (labels baked into the PNG tiles) — there is no working vector font. So markers are drawn as **self-contained, offline, canvas-generated per-type icons** (`drawMarkerIcon`: a distinct shape per type — circle / rounded-square / triangle / diamond / star / center-dotted circles / up-arrow — filled with the type color, outlined for legibility on the dark basemap), registered as named `ImageData` images that survive `styledata`. The marker **name is shown in the hover tooltip** (region name + owner chip + marker name) instead of a persistent on-map label, and **clicking a marker focuses its owning nation's dossier** (a marker's owner is its region's owner). There are no separate marker event handlers: MapLibre's per-layer event delegates fire independently (no `stopPropagation`), so the region hover/click handlers instead `queryRenderedFeatures` the marker layer under the cursor and act on the marker when present.
+  - **Stub (`server/stub.ts`) stays marker-free** — it returns `markers: { add: [], remove: [] }` — so the e2e suite (CI, `LLM_STUB=1`) is unaffected and fully deterministic; the full marker path is covered by unit tests only.
+- **Tests (168 → 189).** New `scripts/region-centroids.test.ts` (1,800 entries, key-set match, finite/world-bounds, each centroid inside its feature's bbox via turf-free coordinate iteration, spot-checked anchors, byte-identical re-run determinism); `server/regions.test.ts` (`hasCentroids`/`centroidOf` in dev + prod-`dist/` layouts, graceful degradation when absent); `server/db.test.ts` (legacy row → `markers: []`); and an `engine.test.ts` marker suite (valid add → id/position/owner/placedTurn, idempotent re-add, region-validity/centroid drops, the 400 cap, remove by id / no-op, owner-follows-region incl. release→null and re-claim, `buildUserPrompt`/system-prompt contract, `validateMarkerOps` raw cleaner, and the `runTurn` centroid wiring).
+- **Verification.** Typecheck, lint, **189 unit tests**, and the production build all pass (the build copies `region-centroids.json` into `dist/` like the other manifests, so it works in the prod container layout).
+- **Deploy:** manual `docker compose up -d --build` on the host — **no `down -v`** (markers are additive; legacy games load with `markers: []`).
+
 ## v0.26.0 — 2026-10-14 19:24
 - **#41: the `RU-ARK` mainland's Arctic-coast band is re-coarsened into two new regions** — a pure re-partition of the existing polygon parts: no new geometry, no coordinate change (the feature union stays byte-identical). After #31 the mainland `RU-ARK` was a 33-part MultiPolygon; its 28-part band (parts whose centroid lat ≥ 68 — the Arctic-coast strip) is now split into:
   - `RU-PEO` — Pechora (13 parts, ~37,678 km²) → new region key `pechora-qwhs`. The southwestern band (around the Pechora delta / Nenets border).
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 8647e47..53bbdf9 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "history",
-  "version": "0.26.0",
+  "version": "0.27.0",
   "private": true,
   "type": "module",
   "description": "AI-driven alternate-history simulator — the LLM is the world engine (Pax Historia style).",
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
     "split:regions:band": "node scripts/split-arkhangel-band.mjs",
     "build:region-keys": "node scripts/build-region-keys.mjs",
     "build:region-adjacency": "node scripts/build-region-adjacency.mjs",
+    "build:region-centroids": "node scripts/build-region-centroids.mjs",
     "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit",
     "lint": "eslint .",
     "e2e": "playwright test"
diff --git a/public/region-centroids.json b/public/region-centroids.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c25e85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/region-centroids.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9002 @@
+{
+  "balkh-ckka": {
+    "lat": 36.637523,
+    "lon": 67.060677,
+    "spread": 0.17132
+  },
+  "bamyan-mjkz": {
+    "lat": 34.596552,
+    "lon": 67.23108,
+    "spread": 0.15233
+  },
+  "badghis-werz": {
+    "lat": 35.266461,
+    "lon": 63.713487,
+    "spread": 0.15083
+  },
+  "badakhshan-qjrt": {
+    "lat": 36.901133,
+    "lon": 71.896822,
+    "spread": 0.30307
+  },
+  "baghlan-wqdr": {
+    "lat": 35.801847,
+    "lon": 68.773635,
+    "spread": 0.15508
+  },
+  "farah-dajq": {
+    "lat": 32.689373,
+    "lon": 62.72396,
+    "spread": 0.21257
+  },
+  "faryab-ztoh": {
+    "lat": 36.136457,
+    "lon": 64.900361,
+    "spread": 0.19274
+  },
+  "ghazni-nnab": {
+    "lat": 33.245894,
+    "lon": 67.728842,
+    "spread": 0.19283
+  },
+  "ghor-bxar": {
+    "lat": 34.257774,
+    "lon": 64.920976,
+    "spread": 0.2147
+  },
+  "hilmand-gmdm": {
+    "lat": 31.609507,
+    "lon": 64.085029,
+    "spread": 0.27591
+  },
+  "hirat-yddg": {
+    "lat": 34.199174,
+    "lon": 62.340872,
+    "spread": 0.28353
+  },
+  "jawzjan-ibdk": {
+    "lat": 36.565469,
+    "lon": 65.733944,
+    "spread": 0.14654
+  },
+  "kabul-agcw": {
+    "lat": 34.837576,
+    "lon": 69.875241,
+    "spread": 0.19527
+  },
+  "kandahar-cacs": {
+    "lat": 31.525992,
+    "lon": 66.226522,
+    "spread": 0.30325
+  },
+  "nimroz-eoll": {
+    "lat": 31.208655,
+    "lon": 62.522355,
+    "spread": 0.27252
+  },
+  "nuristan-ofkf": {
+    "lat": 35.250329,
+    "lon": 70.861004,
+    "spread": 0.14998
+  },
+  "paktika-wbrf": {
+    "lat": 32.445671,
+    "lon": 68.735364,
+    "spread": 0.16684
+  },
+  "paktya-opvd": {
+    "lat": 33.737156,
+    "lon": 69.402381,
+    "spread": 0.13208
+  },
+  "samangan-iybb": {
+    "lat": 36.047544,
+    "lon": 67.603269,
+    "spread": 0.12727
+  },
+  "sari-pul-eubi": {
+    "lat": 35.706012,
+    "lon": 66.224784,
+    "spread": 0.1601
+  },
+  "takhar-tbah": {
+    "lat": 36.868218,
+    "lon": 69.352618,
+    "spread": 0.18268
+  },
+  "uruzgan-ebhn": {
+    "lat": 32.8383,
+    "lon": 66.158513,
+    "spread": 0.10421
+  },
+  "uruzgan-unxj": {
+    "lat": 33.657135,
+    "lon": 66.287542,
+    "spread": 0.13349
+  },
+  "wardak-wpjg": {
+    "lat": 34.371114,
+    "lon": 68.146419,
+    "spread": 0.11223
+  },
+  "zabul-ftpc": {
+    "lat": 32.296896,
+    "lon": 67.0393,
+    "spread": 0.15156
+  },
+  "bengo-awxb": {
+    "lat": -9.080071,
+    "lon": 13.860088,
+    "spread": 0.17122
+  },
+  "benguela-ifxx": {
+    "lat": -12.87647,
+    "lon": 14.008544,
+    "spread": 0.21254
+  },
+  "bie-usov": {
+    "lat": -12.161702,
+    "lon": 17.394072,
+    "spread": 0.34867
+  },
+  "cuando-cubango-sifc": {
+    "lat": -15.70713,
+    "lon": 19.207488,
+    "spread": 0.44479
+  },
+  "cunene-etup": {
+    "lat": -16.241014,
+    "lon": 15.056691,
+    "spread": 0.22729
+  },
+  "cuanza-norte-avuq": {
+    "lat": -8.777516,
+    "lon": 14.988168,
+    "spread": 0.17419
+  },
+  "cuanza-sul-uays": {
+    "lat": -10.828576,
+    "lon": 14.898052,
+    "spread": 0.25325
+  },
+  "huambo-czeb": {
+    "lat": -12.676369,
+    "lon": 15.777727,
+    "spread": 0.17691
+  },
+  "huila-ylej": {
+    "lat": -14.764277,
+    "lon": 14.808274,
+    "spread": 0.30255
+  },
+  "lunda-norte-kkid": {
+    "lat": -8.512865,
+    "lon": 19.422685,
+    "spread": 0.34838
+  },
+  "lunda-sul-iyot": {
+    "lat": -10.2631,
+    "lon": 20.528522,
+    "spread": 0.31386
+  },
+  "malanje-quaz": {
+    "lat": -9.719778,
+    "lon": 16.85545,
+    "spread": 0.37233
+  },
+  "moxico-ievb": {
+    "lat": -12.480608,
+    "lon": 20.976278,
+    "spread": 0.5577
+  },
+  "namibe-mitv": {
+    "lat": -15.383605,
+    "lon": 12.85839,
+    "spread": 0.19456
+  },
+  "uige-alyd": {
+    "lat": -7.403685,
+    "lon": 15.396667,
+    "spread": 0.25536
+  },
+  "zaire-ikgg": {
+    "lat": -6.698453,
+    "lon": 13.676042,
+    "spread": 0.19512
+  },
+  "elbasan-bjpz": {
+    "lat": 40.601391,
+    "lon": 20.101723,
+    "spread": 0.17471
+  },
+  "shkoder-gmnr": {
+    "lat": 41.81745,
+    "lon": 19.929889,
+    "spread": 0.12929
+  },
+  "abu-dhabi-mywn": {
+    "lat": 24.101771,
+    "lon": 54.005645,
+    "spread": 0.2349
+  },
+  "dubay-kskv": {
+    "lat": 25.210858,
+    "lon": 55.871186,
+    "spread": 0.13672
+  },
+  "salta-uunu": {
+    "lat": -24.228936,
+    "lon": -65.564443,
+    "spread": 0.43855
+  },
+  "buenos-aires-mwnv": {
+    "lat": -37.276686,
+    "lon": -60.19192,
+    "spread": 0.67191
+  },
+  "san-luis-amnp": {
+    "lat": -33.353761,
+    "lon": -66.026606,
+    "spread": 0.25067
+  },
+  "entre-rios-wonq": {
+    "lat": -32.014661,
+    "lon": -58.872906,
+    "spread": 0.29651
+  },
+  "la-rioja-opnr": {
+    "lat": -29.248997,
+    "lon": -67.774788,
+    "spread": 0.4198
+  },
+  "santiago-del-estero-grns": {
+    "lat": -27.869965,
+    "lon": -64.041215,
+    "spread": 0.34708
+  },
+  "chaco-yfnb": {
+    "lat": -26.036213,
+    "lon": -60.255904,
+    "spread": 0.38798
+  },
+  "san-juan-iind": {
+    "lat": -30.910124,
+    "lon": -69.223789,
+    "spread": 0.38593
+  },
+  "catamarca-ekne": {
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+    "spread": 0.40341
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+    "lon": 28.6134,
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+    "lon": 32.304603,
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+    "lon": 29.304837,
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+    "lon": 30.547382,
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+    "lon": 25.076538,
+    "spread": 0.38417
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+    "lon": 26.621027,
+    "spread": 0.27703
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+    "lon": 27.878116,
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+  "lusaka-ygtc": {
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+    "lon": 28.944854,
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+    "lon": 31.871776,
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+  "manicaland-czzx": {
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+    "lon": 32.441605,
+    "spread": 0.18441
+  },
+  "mashonaland-central-mczz": {
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+    "lon": 30.982987,
+    "spread": 0.2103
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+  "mashonaland-east-afzb": {
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+    "lon": 31.350228,
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+  },
+  "midlands-cmzf": {
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+    "lon": 29.559106,
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+  },
+  "matabeleland-north-otzk": {
+    "lat": -18.943456,
+    "lon": 27.700608,
+    "spread": 0.34717
+  },
+  "matabeleland-south-qdzj": {
+    "lat": -20.678607,
+    "lon": 28.801281,
+    "spread": 0.28573
+  },
+  "masvingo-wizm": {
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+    "lon": 30.88864,
+    "spread": 0.26805
+  },
+  "mashonaland-west-ojzn": {
+    "lat": -17.269067,
+    "lon": 29.889591,
+    "spread": 0.29591
+  }
+}
diff --git a/scripts/build-region-centroids.mjs b/scripts/build-region-centroids.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..030cca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/build-region-centroids.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/**
+ * scripts/build-region-centroids.mjs — build the precomputed region-centroid
+ * manifest: `public/region-centroids.json` = `{ "<regionKey>": { "lat": <number>, "lon": <number>, "spread": <number> }, ... }`.
+ *
+ * For every sub-region (region key, see `public/region-keys.json`) this records
+ * the point the LLM's map markers (v0.27, #44) will be anchored to: the
+ * **centroid of the region's largest-area part** (a MultiPolygon's biggest
+ * island/lake-piece rather than an area-weighted average of all parts), plus
+ * a `spread` value ≈ 0.1 × the smallest bbox dimension of that part (in
+ * degrees) — the engine scatters markers of one region within ±(spread/2)
+ * around the centroid using a deterministic per-marker offset, so several
+ * markers of the same region do not stack on one pixel.
+ *
+ * Method — plain turf on the pre-generated geo file (turf is allowed in .mjs
+ * scripts; it is deliberately kept OUT of the TS typecheck program, see the
+ * v0.17 note). For each feature we (1) split a MultiPolygon into its parts
+ * (a plain Polygon is its own single part), (2) pick the part with the
+ * greatest `@turf/area`, (3) take `@turf/centroid` of that part and
+ * `@turf/bbox` of that part, and (4) round everything to 6 decimal places
+ * (≈ 0.1 m at this scale — far below the map's visual precision).
+ *
+ * Output contract (asserted by scripts/region-centroids.test.ts):
+ *   - one entry for **every** region key, keyed identically to
+ *     `public/region-keys.json` (same key set, 1,800 entries);
+ *   - each centroid lies inside its region's (largest part's) bbox;
+ *   - `spread` is a non-negative number of degrees (0 for degenerate parts);
+ *   - values are rounded to at most 6 decimal places.
+ *
+ * Deterministic + idempotent: the input files are fixed, turf is a pure
+ * geometric computation, the output keeps the geo file's (stable) feature
+ * order and rounds to fixed precision — so a re-run rewrites a byte-identical
+ * file (the test re-runs this script and compares bytes).
+ *
+ * Usage: `node scripts/build-region-centroids.mjs`  (or `npm run build:region-centroids`).
+ */
+import { readFileSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import area from '@turf/area';
+import bbox from '@turf/bbox';
+import centroid from '@turf/centroid';
+import { feature } from '@turf/helpers';
+
+const here = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const root = path.resolve(here, '..');
+
+const round6 = (v) => Math.round(v * 1e6) / 1e6;
+
+// --- load the geo + region-key manifest (plain parse; keys join feature->key) --
+const geo = JSON.parse(readFileSync(path.join(root, 'public', 'regions.geo.json'), 'utf8'));
+const idToKey = JSON.parse(readFileSync(path.join(root, 'public', 'region-keys.json'), 'utf8'));
+
+/**
+ * The polygon parts of a geometry: a MultiPolygon's individual polygons, a
+ * plain Polygon as its own single part, anything else as an empty list (the
+ * caller falls back to the whole-feature centroid).
+ */
+function partsOf(geometry) {
+  if (geometry?.type === 'MultiPolygon') return geometry.coordinates ?? [];
+  if (geometry?.type === 'Polygon') return [geometry.coordinates];
+  return [];
+}
+
+const manifest = {};
+let skipped = 0;
+for (const f of geo.features ?? []) {
+  const id = f.id == null ? '' : String(f.id);
+  const key = idToKey[id];
+  if (!key) continue; // a geo feature with no manifest entry is skipped
+  const parts = partsOf(f.geometry);
+  if (parts.length === 0) {
+    // Degenerate geometry (a point/line region): anchor at the feature's own
+    // centroid. Can't happen with the current 1,800-polygon dataset, but the
+    // fallback keeps the manifest complete if the generator ever changes.
+    skipped += 1;
+    const c = centroid(feature(f.geometry));
+    const b = bbox(feature(f.geometry));
+    manifest[key] = {
+      lat: round6(c.geometry.coordinates[1]),
+      lon: round6(c.geometry.coordinates[0]),
+      spread: round6(Math.min(b[2] - b[0], b[3] - b[1]) * 0.1),
+    };
+    continue;
+  }
+  // Pick the part with the greatest area (km²) and anchor to IT, so a
+  // multi-part region's markers cluster on its main mass, not between parts.
+  let best = 0;
+  let bestArea = -1;
+  for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+    const a = area(feature({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: parts[i] }));
+    if (a > bestArea) {
+      bestArea = a;
+      best = i;
+    }
+  }
+  const part = feature({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: parts[best] });
+  const c = centroid(part);
+  const b = bbox(part);
+  manifest[key] = {
+    lat: round6(c.geometry.coordinates[1]),
+    lon: round6(c.geometry.coordinates[0]),
+    spread: round6(Math.min(b[2] - b[0], b[3] - b[1]) * 0.1),
+  };
+}
+
+// --- hard assertions (the test re-checks these against the committed file) ---
+const expectedKeys = Object.values(idToKey);
+if (Object.keys(manifest).length !== expectedKeys.length) {
+  throw new Error(
+    `expected ${expectedKeys.length} centroid entries (one per region key), got ${Object.keys(manifest).length}`,
+  );
+}
+for (const k of expectedKeys) {
+  if (!(k in manifest)) throw new Error(`missing centroid for region key ${JSON.stringify(k)}`);
+}
+for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(manifest)) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(v.lat) || !Number.isFinite(v.lon) || !Number.isFinite(v.spread)) {
+    throw new Error(`non-finite centroid for ${k}: ${JSON.stringify(v)}`);
+  }
+  if (v.spread < 0) throw new Error(`negative spread for ${k}: ${v.spread}`);
+}
+
+// --- write idempotently (stable order = insertion order = geo file order) ---
+writeFileSync(path.join(root, 'public', 'region-centroids.json'), JSON.stringify(manifest, null, 2) + '\n');
+
+// --- summary ------------------------------------------------------------------
+const spreads = Object.values(manifest).map((v) => v.spread);
+console.log(
+  `[build-region-centroids] wrote public/region-centroids.json — ${Object.keys(manifest).length} region keys` +
+    (skipped ? ` (${skipped} non-polygon fallbacks)` : '') +
+    `, spread min/max ${Math.min(...spreads)} / ${Math.max(...spreads)} deg`,
+);
diff --git a/scripts/region-centroids.test.ts b/scripts/region-centroids.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb9bd86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/region-centroids.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+/**
+ * scripts/region-centroids.test.ts — validation for the committed
+ * `public/region-centroids.json` (built by `scripts/build-region-centroids.mjs`).
+ *
+ * The manifest maps each region key to the anchor point a map marker (v0.27,
+ * #44) is placed at: the centroid of the region's largest-area part, plus a
+ * `spread` (≈ 0.1 × that part's smallest bbox dimension, in degrees) that the
+ * engine uses to scatter multiple markers of one region around the centroid.
+ * It is a load-bearing data artifact for the marker placement path — this test
+ * pins its contract.
+ *
+ * Deliberately dependency-free: it reads the JSON with plain `fs`/`JSON.parse`
+ * and computes bbox checks by iterating coordinates directly (no `@turf`/
+ * geojson types, which would pull `@types/geojson` into the tsc program and
+ * break `WorldMap.tsx` — see the v0.17 note). Mirrors the style of
+ * `scripts/region-adjacency.test.ts`; the determinism test re-runs the (turf
+ * `.mjs`) builder and compares bytes, matching that the builder is idempotent.
+ */
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+const here = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const root = path.resolve(here, '..');
+
+function readJson(rel: string): Record<string, unknown> {
+  return JSON.parse(readFileSync(path.join(root, rel), 'utf8'));
+}
+
+interface CentroidEntry {
+  lat: number;
+  lon: number;
+  spread: number;
+}
+
+/** All [lon, lat] coordinate pairs of a Polygon / MultiPolygon geometry. */
+function allCoords(geometry: { type?: string; coordinates?: unknown }): Array<[number, number]> {
+  const c = geometry?.coordinates as
+    | Array<Array<[number, number]>>
+    | Array<Array<Array<[number, number]>>>
+    | undefined;
+  if (!c) return [];
+  if (geometry?.type === 'Polygon') {
+    const rings = c as Array<Array<[number, number]>>;
+    const out: Array<[number, number]> = [];
+    for (const ring of rings) for (const p of ring) out.push(p);
+    return out;
+  }
+  if (geometry?.type === 'MultiPolygon') {
+    const polys = c as Array<Array<Array<[number, number]>>>;
+    const out: Array<[number, number]> = [];
+    for (const poly of polys) for (const ring of poly) for (const p of ring) out.push(p);
+    return out;
+  }
+  return [];
+}
+
+/** The bounding box [minLon, minLat, maxLon, maxLat] of a geometry. */
+function bboxOf(geometry: { type?: string; coordinates?: unknown }): [number, number, number, number] {
+  let minLon = Infinity;
+  let minLat = Infinity;
+  let maxLon = -Infinity;
+  let maxLat = -Infinity;
+  for (const [x, y] of allCoords(geometry)) {
+    if (x < minLon) minLon = x;
+    if (y < minLat) minLat = y;
+    if (x > maxLon) maxLon = x;
+    if (y > maxLat) maxLat = y;
+  }
+  return [minLon, minLat, maxLon, maxLat];
+}
+
+describe('region-centroids.json', () => {
+  const centroids = readJson('public/region-centroids.json') as Record<string, CentroidEntry>;
+  const manifest = readJson('public/region-keys.json') as Record<string, string>;
+  const geo = readJson('public/regions.geo.json') as {
+    features?: Array<{ id?: string | number; geometry?: { type?: string; coordinates?: unknown } }>;
+  };
+  const keys = Object.values(manifest);
+
+  // featureId -> feature, then regionKey -> feature (via the key manifest).
+  const featureByKey = new Map<string, { geometry?: { type?: string; coordinates?: unknown } }>();
+  for (const f of geo.features ?? []) {
+    const key = manifest[String(f.id)];
+    if (key) featureByKey.set(key, f);
+  }
+
+  it('has exactly one entry per region key (same key set as region-keys.json)', () => {
+    expect(new Set(Object.keys(centroids))).toEqual(new Set(keys));
+    expect(Object.keys(centroids)).toHaveLength(1800);
+  });
+
+  it('every entry is a finite { lat, lon, spread } with a non-negative spread, in world bounds', () => {
+    for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(centroids)) {
+      expect(Number.isFinite(v.lat), `non-finite lat for ${k}`).toBe(true);
+      expect(Number.isFinite(v.lon), `non-finite lon for ${k}`).toBe(true);
+      expect(Number.isFinite(v.spread), `non-finite spread for ${k}`).toBe(true);
+      expect(v.spread >= 0, `negative spread for ${k}`).toBe(true);
+      expect(v.lat >= -90 && v.lat <= 90, `lat out of range for ${k}: ${v.lat}`).toBe(true);
+      expect(v.lon >= -180 && v.lon <= 180, `lon out of range for ${k}: ${v.lon}`).toBe(true);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('each centroid lies inside its region feature bounding box', () => {
+    // The recorded point is the centroid of the LARGEST part, which is a subset
+    // of the whole feature, so it must fall inside the feature's overall bbox.
+    let checked = 0;
+    for (const [key, c] of Object.entries(centroids)) {
+      const feat = featureByKey.get(key);
+      if (!feat?.geometry) continue;
+      const [minLon, minLat, maxLon, maxLat] = bboxOf(feat.geometry);
+      const eps = 1e-4; // allow for the 6-dp rounding in the builder
+      expect(
+        c.lat >= minLat - eps && c.lat <= maxLat + eps,
+        `lat ${c.lat} outside bbox [${minLat}, ${maxLat}] for ${key}`,
+      ).toBe(true);
+      expect(
+        c.lon >= minLon - eps && c.lon <= maxLon + eps,
+        `lon ${c.lon} outside bbox [${minLon}, ${maxLon}] for ${key}`,
+      ).toBe(true);
+      checked++;
+    }
+    expect(checked).toBe(1800);
+  });
+
+  it('spot-checks a couple of well-known anchors land in the right place', () => {
+    // Region keys are sub-national (states/provinces), so we spot-check a few
+    // whose geography is unambiguous. A gross error in the centroid method
+    // (e.g. averaging across all parts of a large multi-part region, or a
+    // lon/lat swap) would land one of these far off.
+    const near = (k: string, lat: number, lon: number, tol: number) => {
+      const c = centroids[k];
+      expect(c, `missing centroid for ${k}`).toBeDefined();
+      expect(Math.abs(c!.lat - lat)).toBeLessThan(tol);
+      expect(Math.abs(c!.lon - lon)).toBeLessThan(tol);
+    };
+    near('ain-lqtt', 46.16, 4.8, 0.5); // FR-01 — eastern France
+    near('california-kikh', 36.87, -120.67, 0.7); // US-CA — central California
+    near('alberta-zopq', 52.09, -116.94, 1.5); // CA-AB — Alberta (large province)
+    near('acre-ekzw', -9.49, -71.11, 0.5); // BR-AC — western Brazil
+  });
+
+  it('is deterministic: re-running the builder rewrites a byte-identical file', () => {
+    const file = path.join(root, 'public', 'region-centroids.json');
+    const before = readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
+    // The builder is cwd-independent (it resolves the repo root from its own
+    // location) and idempotent: same input files + pure turf + fixed rounding
+    // + stable insertion order → identical bytes.
+    execFileSync(process.execPath, [path.join(root, 'scripts', 'build-region-centroids.mjs')], {
+      cwd: root,
+      stdio: 'pipe',
+    });
+    const after = readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
+    expect(after).toBe(before);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/server/db.test.ts b/server/db.test.ts
index f1176dd..6bca890 100644
--- a/server/db.test.ts
+++ b/server/db.test.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ function makeState(id: string): GameState {
     version: 1,
     unowned: [],
     pendingNationOps: [],
+    markers: [],
   };
 }
 
@@ -97,6 +98,17 @@ describe('openDb', () => {
     db.close();
   });
 
+  it('(v0.27 #44) a legacy row saved before the markers field existed loads with it defaulted to []', () => {
+    const db = openDb(':memory:');
+    const legacy = makeState('legacy');
+    delete (legacy as { markers?: unknown[] }).markers; // a pre-v0.27 save (field absent)
+    db.save(legacy);
+    const loaded = db.load('legacy');
+    expect(loaded).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(loaded!.markers).toEqual([]);
+    db.close();
+  });
+
   it('delete removes a game by id and reports absence otherwise', () => {
     const db = openDb(':memory:');
     db.save(makeState('a'));
diff --git a/server/db.ts b/server/db.ts
index eb54a4a..395521c 100644
--- a/server/db.ts
+++ b/server/db.ts
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ export function openDb(filePath: string): Db {
         // (v0.23, #16 P4a) Same for pending nation-op proposals: a legacy game
         // has none awaiting confirm/reject.
         if (state.pendingNationOps === undefined) state.pendingNationOps = [];
+        // (v0.27, #44) Same for map markers: a legacy game has none placed.
+        if (state.markers === undefined) state.markers = [];
         return state;
       } catch {
         return null;
diff --git a/server/engine.test.ts b/server/engine.test.ts
index 0d54139..acca724 100644
--- a/server/engine.test.ts
+++ b/server/engine.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { GameState, Preset, RoundItem } from '../shared/types';
-import { makeEvent, type NationOp, type TurnResult } from '../shared/protocol';
+import type { GameState, MarkerType, Preset, RoundItem } from '../shared/types';
+import { makeEvent, markerId, MAX_MARKERS, type MarkerSpec, type NationOp, type TurnResult } from '../shared/protocol';
 import type { LlmClient, ToolDefinition, WireMessage } from './llm';
 import { makeStubLlmClient } from './stub';
 import {
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import {
   removeRoundItem,
   resolveNationRef,
   runTurn,
+  validateMarkerOps,
   validateNationOps,
   validateTurnResult,
 } from './engine';
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@ function baseState(): GameState {
     version: 1,
     unowned: [],
     pendingNationOps: [],
+    markers: [],
   };
 }
 
@@ -524,7 +526,7 @@ describe('validateNationOps (v0.23 #16 P4a)', () => {
       relations: [],
       territoryChanges: [],
       unowned: [],
-      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'France', to: 'French Republic' }],
+      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'France', to: 'French Republic' }], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
     });
     expect(withOps).not.toBeNull();
     expect(withOps!.nationOps).toEqual([{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'France', to: 'French Republic' }]);
@@ -545,7 +547,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult (nation-op proposals, v0.23 #16 P4a)', () => {
       relations: [],
       territoryChanges: [],
       unowned: [],
-      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }],
+      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
     });
     expect(next.nations.de.name).toBe('DE'); // still the old name
     expect(next.pendingNationOps).toEqual([{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }]);
@@ -565,7 +567,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult (nation-op proposals, v0.23 #16 P4a)', () => {
       relations: [],
       territoryChanges: [],
       unowned: [],
-      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'us', to: 'USA' }], // new proposal this turn
+      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'us', to: 'USA' }], markers: { add: [], remove: [] }, // new proposal this turn
     });
     expect(next.pendingNationOps).toEqual([
       { kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }, // the old one survived
@@ -583,7 +585,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult (nation-op proposals, v0.23 #16 P4a)', () => {
       relations: [],
       territoryChanges: [],
       unowned: [],
-      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }],
+      nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
     });
     expect(next.pendingNationOps).toEqual([{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }]);
   });
@@ -1039,7 +1041,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult', () => {
       relations: [],
       territoryChanges: [],
       unowned: [],
-      nationOps: [],
+      nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
     };
     applyTurnResult(state, result);
     expect(JSON.stringify(state)).toBe(snapshot);
@@ -1055,7 +1057,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult', () => {
       relations: [],
       territoryChanges: [],
       unowned: [],
-      nationOps: [],
+      nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
     };
     const next = applyTurnResult(state, result);
     expect(next.pending).toEqual([]);
@@ -1077,7 +1079,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult', () => {
       // is not a real key at all. Both are proposed as a gain by DE.
       territoryChanges: [{ nation: 'de', gain: ['wales-bbbb', 'not-a-region-xyz'], lose: [] }],
       unowned: [],
-      nationOps: [],
+      nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
     };
     const next = applyTurnResult(state, result, new Set(['wales-bbbb']));
     // the valid key was gained (taken from its sole previous owner); the bogus one was ignored
@@ -1102,7 +1104,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult', () => {
       // released (not in state.unowned), so it does not enter GameState.unowned.
       territoryChanges: [{ nation: 'de', gain: ['POL', 'wales-bbbb'], lose: [] }],
       unowned: [],
-      nationOps: [],
+      nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
     };
     const next = applyTurnResult(state, result); // no validKeys -> nothing filtered
     expect(next.nations.de.territory).toContain('wales-bbbb');
@@ -1119,7 +1121,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult (sole-ownership invariants, v0.21 #16 P2)', () => {
     stateChanges: [],
     relations: [],
     unowned: [],
-    nationOps: [],
+    nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
   };
 
   it('a double claim (two different gainers, one key) is rejected: the key stays with its original owner', () => {
@@ -1208,7 +1210,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult (no man\'s land, v0.22 #16 P3)', () => {
     relations: [],
     territoryChanges: [],
     unowned: [],
-    nationOps: [],
+    nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
   };
 
   it('a release removes the key from its sole owner and marks it in GameState.unowned', () => {
@@ -1323,7 +1325,7 @@ describe('applyTurnResult (no man\'s land, v0.22 #16 P3)', () => {
 
   it('a lone release is meaningful (it survives the retry/nudge path)', () => {
     expect(
-      isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: ['GBR'], nationOps: [] }),
+      isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: ['GBR'], nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] } }),
     ).toBe(true);
   });
 
@@ -1630,9 +1632,9 @@ describe('buildSystemPrompt (tool mode, v0.21 #16 P2)', () => {
 
 describe('isMeaningful', () => {
   it('is true with an event, false when everything is empty', () => {
-    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [{ nation: 'uk', type: 'military', title: 't', text: 'b', outcome: 'neutral' }], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [], nationOps: [] })).toBe(true);
-    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [{ nation: 'uk', stat: 'military', op: 'set', value: 5 }], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [], nationOps: [] })).toBe(true);
-    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [], nationOps: [] })).toBe(false);
+    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [{ nation: 'uk', type: 'military', title: 't', text: 'b', outcome: 'neutral' }], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [], nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] } })).toBe(true);
+    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [{ nation: 'uk', stat: 'military', op: 'set', value: 5 }], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [], nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] } })).toBe(true);
+    expect(isMeaningful({ date: 'x', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [], unowned: [], nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] } })).toBe(false);
   });
 
   it('(v0.23 #16 P4a) a turn that only proposes a nation-op is meaningful (it survives the retry/nudge path)', () => {
@@ -1644,8 +1646,265 @@ describe('isMeaningful', () => {
         relations: [],
         territoryChanges: [],
         unowned: [],
-        nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }],
+        nationOps: [{ kind: 'rename', nationRef: 'de', to: 'Reich' }], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
+      }),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('(v0.27 #44) a turn that only adds a marker is meaningful (it survives the retry/nudge path)', () => {
+    expect(
+      isMeaningful({
+        date: 'x',
+        events: [],
+        stateChanges: [],
+        relations: [],
+        territoryChanges: [],
+        unowned: [],
+        nationOps: [],
+        markers: { add: [{ type: 'city', name: 'Lyon', regionKey: 'rhone-rhne' }], remove: [] },
       }),
     ).toBe(true);
   });
 });
+
+describe('markers (point placement, v0.27 #44)', () => {
+  // a deterministic centroid for one region key, undefined for everything else
+  const centroidOf = (key: string) =>
+    key === 'moselle-rygy' ? { lat: 48, lon: 6, spread: 1 } : undefined;
+
+  // build a MarkerSpec from a (possibly invalid, for the guard tests) type string
+  const mk = (type: string, name: string, regionKey: string): MarkerSpec =>
+    ({ type: type as MarkerType, name, regionKey });
+
+  it('adds a valid marker with a stable id, a jittered position within the spread, the region owner, and the placed turn', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    state.turn = 4; // placedTurn should equal the resolved turn
+    state.nations.uk.territory = ['GBR', 'moselle-rygy']; // the region is owned by uk
+    const result: TurnResult = {
+      date: '1939-09-03',
+      events: [],
+      stateChanges: [],
+      relations: [],
+      territoryChanges: [],
+      unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [],
+      markers: { add: [mk('city', 'Strasbourg', 'moselle-rygy')], remove: [] },
+    };
+    const next = applyTurnResult(state, result, undefined, centroidOf);
+    expect(next.markers).toHaveLength(1);
+    const m = next.markers[0];
+    expect(m.id).toBe(markerId('city', 'Strasbourg', 'moselle-rygy'));
+    expect(m.type).toBe('city');
+    expect(m.name).toBe('Strasbourg');
+    expect(m.regionKey).toBe('moselle-rygy');
+    expect(m.ownerNationId).toBe('uk'); // the region's sole owner
+    expect(m.placedTurn).toBe(4);
+    // the position is the centroid jittered within ±spread/2
+    expect(m.lat).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(47.5);
+    expect(m.lat).toBeLessThanOrEqual(48.5);
+    expect(m.lon).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(5.5);
+    expect(m.lon).toBeLessThanOrEqual(6.5);
+  });
+
+  it('is idempotent: re-adding the same (type, name, regionKey) does not duplicate the marker', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    state.nations.uk.territory = ['moselle-rygy'];
+    const add = [mk('city', 'Strasbourg', 'moselle-rygy')];
+    const first = applyTurnResult(state, {
+      date: '1939-09-03', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [],
+      unowned: [], nationOps: [], markers: { add, remove: [] },
+    }, undefined, centroidOf);
+    expect(first.markers).toHaveLength(1);
+    // a second turn proposes the exact same marker again
+    const second = applyTurnResult(first, {
+      date: '1939-09-05', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [],
+      unowned: [], nationOps: [], markers: { add, remove: [] },
+    }, undefined, centroidOf);
+    expect(second.markers).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(second.markers[0].id).toBe(first.markers[0].id); // stable id, no second copy
+  });
+
+  it('applyTurnResult drops a new add whose region is unknown or has no centroid, but keeps a valid one', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    state.nations.uk.territory = ['moselle-rygy'];
+    // validKeys knows two keys; the centroid resolves only the first.
+    const validKeys = new Set(['moselle-rygy', 'other-key']);
+    const centroidOf2 = (k: string) =>
+      k === 'moselle-rygy' ? { lat: 48, lon: 6, spread: 1 } : undefined;
+    const result: TurnResult = {
+      date: '1939-09-03',
+      events: [],
+      stateChanges: [],
+      relations: [],
+      territoryChanges: [],
+      unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [],
+      markers: {
+        add: [
+          { type: 'city', name: 'Good', regionKey: 'moselle-rygy' }, // valid + centroid → kept
+          { type: 'city', name: 'NoCent', regionKey: 'other-key' }, // in validKeys, no centroid → dropped
+          { type: 'city', name: 'Unknown', regionKey: 'zzz-not-a-key' }, // not in validKeys → dropped
+        ],
+        remove: [],
+      },
+    };
+    const next = applyTurnResult(state, result, validKeys, centroidOf2);
+    expect(next.markers).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(next.markers[0].name).toBe('Good');
+  });
+
+  it('caps the total marker count at MAX_MARKERS, dropping the newest add that exceeds the cap', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    // pre-seed the state with MAX_MARKERS - 1 distinct markers
+    const seeded: typeof state.markers = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < MAX_MARKERS - 1; i++) {
+      const k = `seed-${i}`;
+      seeded.push({
+        id: markerId('city', `S${i}`, k),
+        type: 'city',
+        name: `S${i}`,
+        regionKey: k,
+        lat: 0, lon: 0,
+        ownerNationId: null,
+        placedTurn: 1,
+      });
+    }
+    state.markers = seeded;
+    // a permissive centroid: every region key resolves
+    const anyCentroid = () => ({ lat: 0, lon: 0, spread: 0 });
+    const result: TurnResult = {
+      date: '1939-09-03',
+      events: [],
+      stateChanges: [],
+      relations: [],
+      territoryChanges: [],
+      unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [],
+      markers: {
+        add: [
+          { type: 'city', name: 'NewA', regionKey: 'new-a' },
+          { type: 'city', name: 'NewB', regionKey: 'new-b' },
+        ],
+        remove: [],
+      },
+    };
+    const next = applyTurnResult(state, result, undefined, anyCentroid);
+    expect(next.markers).toHaveLength(MAX_MARKERS); // capped, not MAX_MARKERS + 1
+    expect(next.markers.some((m) => m.name === 'NewA')).toBe(true); // the 1st new one kept
+    expect(next.markers.some((m) => m.name === 'NewB')).toBe(false); // the 2nd (over cap) dropped
+  });
+
+  it('removes a marker by id; removing an absent id is a no-op', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    state.nations.uk.territory = ['moselle-rygy'];
+    const idA = markerId('city', 'Strasbourg', 'moselle-rygy');
+    const idB = markerId('port', 'Dunkirk', 'moselle-rygy');
+    state.markers = [
+      { id: idA, type: 'city', name: 'Strasbourg', regionKey: 'moselle-rygy', lat: 48, lon: 6, ownerNationId: 'uk', placedTurn: 1 },
+      { id: idB, type: 'port', name: 'Dunkirk', regionKey: 'moselle-rygy', lat: 48, lon: 6, ownerNationId: 'uk', placedTurn: 1 },
+    ];
+    const next = applyTurnResult(state, {
+      date: '1939-09-03', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [],
+      unowned: [], nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [idA, 'zzzz-not-there'] },
+    }, undefined, centroidOf);
+    expect(next.markers).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(next.markers[0].id).toBe(idB); // only A removed; the bogus id was a no-op
+  });
+
+  it('a marker owner follows its region: released to no man\'s land → null; re-claimed → the new owner', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    state.nations.uk.territory = ['moselle-rygy'];
+    const idA = markerId('city', 'Strasbourg', 'moselle-rygy');
+    state.markers = [
+      { id: idA, type: 'city', name: 'Strasbourg', regionKey: 'moselle-rygy', lat: 48, lon: 6, ownerNationId: 'uk', placedTurn: 1 },
+    ];
+    // 1) uk releases the region → the marker becomes ownerless
+    const released = applyTurnResult(state, {
+      date: '1939-09-03', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [], territoryChanges: [],
+      unowned: ['moselle-rygy'], nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
+    }, undefined, centroidOf);
+    expect(released.markers[0].ownerNationId).toBeNull();
+    // 2) de re-claims the region → the marker's owner follows to de
+    const reclaimed = applyTurnResult(released, {
+      date: '1939-09-05', events: [], stateChanges: [], relations: [],
+      territoryChanges: [{ nation: 'de', gain: ['moselle-rygy'], lose: [] }],
+      unowned: [], nationOps: [], markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
+    }, undefined, centroidOf);
+    expect(reclaimed.markers[0].ownerNationId).toBe('de');
+  });
+
+  it('the user prompt carries the existing markers when provided (and omits the field otherwise)', () => {
+    const state = baseState();
+    const info = {
+      id: markerId('city', 'Strasbourg', 'moselle-rygy'),
+      type: 'city' as MarkerType,
+      name: 'Strasbourg',
+      regionKey: 'moselle-rygy',
+      owner: 'uk',
+    };
+    const payload = JSON.parse(
+      buildUserPrompt(state, [], undefined, undefined, undefined, [info]),
+    ) as { markers?: Array<Record<string, unknown>> };
+    expect(payload.markers).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(payload.markers![0].name).toBe('Strasbourg');
+    expect(payload.markers![0].owner).toBe('uk');
+    // a bare call (no markers arg) omits the field entirely
+    const bare = JSON.parse(buildUserPrompt(state, [])) as { markers?: unknown };
+    expect(bare.markers).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('the system prompt documents the markers contract (field + placement rule + a type)', () => {
+    const prompt = buildSystemPrompt(preset);
+    expect(prompt).toMatch(/named points on the map/i);
+    expect(prompt).toMatch(/"markers"/);
+    expect(prompt).toMatch(/"add"/);
+    expect(prompt).toMatch(/"remove"/);
+    expect(prompt).toMatch(/gathering/);
+    expect(prompt).toMatch(/no man's land/); // owner recompute on release
+  });
+
+  it('validateMarkerOps cleans a raw markers field: drops bad types/empty names, dedupes, trims removes', () => {
+    const raw = {
+      add: [
+        { type: 'city', name: 'X', regionKey: 'a' },
+        { type: 'not-a-type', name: 'Y', regionKey: 'a' }, // invalid type -> dropped
+        { type: 'city', name: '   ', regionKey: 'a' }, // empty name -> dropped
+        { type: 'city', name: 'X', regionKey: 'a' }, // duplicate (same id) -> deduped
+        { type: 'port', name: 'Z', regionKey: 'b' }, // valid
+      ],
+      remove: ['id-1', 42, '', '  id-2  ', 'id-1'], // number/empty dropped, trimmed, deduped
+    };
+    const out = validateMarkerOps(raw);
+    expect(out.add.map((m) => m.name).sort()).toEqual(['X', 'Z']);
+    expect(out.remove).toEqual(['id-1', 'id-2']);
+  });
+
+  it('validateMarkerOps returns empty ops for a non-object raw value (a string, an array, null)', () => {
+    for (const bad of ['oops', [{ type: 'city', name: 'X', regionKey: 'a' }], null, undefined]) {
+      expect(validateMarkerOps(bad)).toEqual({ add: [], remove: [] });
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('runTurn wires the centroid through: a marker added over the LLM path is placed (owner = region owner)', async () => {
+    const result = JSON.stringify({
+      date: '1939-09-03',
+      events: [],
+      stateChanges: [],
+      relations: [],
+      territoryChanges: [{ nation: 'uk', gain: ['moselle-rygy'], lose: [] }],
+      unowned: [],
+      nationOps: [],
+      markers: { add: [{ type: 'city', name: 'Strasbourg', regionKey: 'moselle-rygy' }], remove: [] },
+    });
+    const { state } = await runTurn({
+      llm: fakeLlm([result]),
+      preset,
+      state: baseState(),
+      items: [],
+      centroidOf,
+    });
+    expect(state.markers).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(state.markers[0].name).toBe('Strasbourg');
+    expect(state.markers[0].ownerNationId).toBe('uk'); // uk gained the region this turn
+  });
+});
diff --git a/server/engine.ts b/server/engine.ts
index 3b10df5..af386bb 100644
--- a/server/engine.ts
+++ b/server/engine.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import type {
   EventOutcome,
   EventType,
   GameState,
+  MapMarker,
   Nation,
   NationStats,
   Preset,
@@ -18,9 +19,15 @@ import { EVENT_TYPES, RELATION_STATUSES } from '../shared/types';
 import {
   addDays,
   clampStat,
+  fnv1a32,
   isDateLike,
+  isMarkerType,
   makeEvent,
+  markerId,
+  MAX_MARKERS,
   nationForPrompt,
+  type MarkerInfo,
+  type MarkerSpec,
   type NationOp,
   type TurnEventSpec,
   type TurnResult,
@@ -187,12 +194,14 @@ export function buildSystemPrompt(preset: Preset, withNeighboursTool = false): s
     '    {"kind":"split","nationRef":"<nation id or name>","parts":[{"name":"<new name>","territory":["<region key>"]}]}',
     '    {"kind":"merge","nationRefs":["<id>","<id>"],"survivingRef":"<id of the surviving nation>","into":"<new name>"}',
     '  ],',
+    '  "markers": {"add":[{"type":"<city|factory|army|port|capital|fleet|rocket|gathering>","name":"<short name>","regionKey":"<region key>"}],"remove":["<marker id>"]}',
     '}',
     '',
     'HARD CONSTRAINTS',
     '- Use only nation ids and region keys that exist in the provided state.',
     '- A region key identifies one sub-region; the "regions" table in the user message maps each key to "<region name> (<parent country ISO_A3>)". Use those keys in territoryChanges and unowned.',
     '- List in "unowned" only region keys that a nation currently owns, and narrate each release in "events".',
+    '- Map markers ("markers") are named points on the map, anchored to a region key you own or that the narrative justifies: a capital (a nation\'s main seat of power — at most one per nation), major cities, factory complexes, army deployments, ports, fleet concentrations, rocket launch sites, or a gathering (a large political/social mass event that can enable a non-military takeover). Use only region keys from the "regions" table, keep each name under 40 characters, and place at most a handful of new markers per turn — only where the narrative justifies it. List a marker id from the user message\'s "markers" field in "remove" when it ceases to exist (a city razed, an army dispersed, a site destroyed).',
     '- Nation-management ops ("nationOps") are PROPOSALS: they only take effect if the player confirms them afterwards. Propose at most 1-2 per turn, only when the narrative justifies it, and narrate each one in "events".',
     '- Rename: add {"kind":"rename","nationRef":"<nation id or name>","to":"<new name>"} for a revolution, regime change or reunification that changes a nation\'s name.',
     '- Split: add {"kind":"split","nationRef":"<nation id or name>","parts":[{"name":"<new name>","territory":["<region key>"]}, ...]} when a state breaks up (dissolution, secession). Use at least 2 parts and assign each of the nation\'s region keys to at most one part — any key you leave unassigned goes to the first part.',
@@ -232,6 +241,14 @@ export function buildUserPrompt(
    * Omitted entirely when undefined.
    */
   noMansLand?: string[],
+  /**
+   * (v0.27, #44) The game's current map markers, as the model sees them:
+   * stable id, type, name, region key and current owner. Emitted verbatim
+   * (even when empty) so the model can reference a marker's id in
+   * `TurnResult.markers.remove` or leave an existing marker untouched.
+   * Omitted entirely when undefined.
+   */
+  markers?: MarkerInfo[],
 ): string {
   const player = state.nations[state.playerNationId];
   const playerName = player?.name ?? state.playerNationId;
@@ -270,6 +287,7 @@ export function buildUserPrompt(
   if (regionReference) payload.regions = regionReference;
   if (frontier !== undefined) payload.frontier = frontier;
   if (noMansLand !== undefined) payload.unowned = noMansLand;
+  if (markers !== undefined) payload.markers = markers;
   return JSON.stringify(payload, null, 2);
 }
 
@@ -393,6 +411,7 @@ export function validateTurnResult(input: unknown): TurnResult | null {
     territoryChanges: [],
     unowned: [],
     nationOps: [],
+    markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
   };
 
   if (Array.isArray(o.events)) {
@@ -482,9 +501,51 @@ export function validateTurnResult(input: unknown): TurnResult | null {
   // list for the player to confirm/reject.
   result.nationOps = validateNationOps(o.nationOps);
 
+  // (v0.27, #44) Map-marker ops: new placements (validated here) and
+  // removals by stable id. Applied by applyTurnResult after the territory
+  // moves (a new marker's owner is the region's post-turn owner).
+  result.markers = validateMarkerOps(o.markers);
+
   return result;
 }
 
+/**
+ * (v0.27, #44) Validate the raw `markers` object of a turn into a safe
+ * `{ add, remove }` shape. Defensive like the rest of the parser — never
+ * throws. `add`: each spec needs a known marker type, a non-empty `name`
+ * (capped at 120 chars) and a non-empty `regionKey` (capped at 120 chars);
+ * specs whose derived id collides with an earlier one in the same batch
+ * collapse to the first (re-adding is idempotent). `remove`: deduped,
+ * non-empty marker ids (capped at 120 chars).
+ */
+export function validateMarkerOps(raw: unknown): { add: MarkerSpec[]; remove: string[] } {
+  const out: { add: MarkerSpec[]; remove: string[] } = { add: [], remove: [] };
+  if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'object' || Array.isArray(raw)) return out;
+  const o = raw as Record<string, unknown>;
+  if (Array.isArray(o.add)) {
+    const seen = new Set<string>();
+    for (const e of o.add) {
+      if (!e || typeof e !== 'object') continue;
+      const s = e as Record<string, unknown>;
+      if (!isMarkerType(s.type)) continue;
+      const name = str(s.name, 120);
+      const regionKey = str(s.regionKey, 120);
+      if (!name || !regionKey) continue;
+      const id = markerId(s.type, name, regionKey);
+      if (seen.has(id)) continue;
+      seen.add(id);
+      out.add.push({ type: s.type, name, regionKey });
+    }
+  }
+  if (Array.isArray(o.remove)) {
+    for (const k of o.remove) {
+      const s = typeof k === 'string' ? k.trim() : '';
+      if (s && !out.remove.includes(s)) out.remove.push(s.slice(0, 120));
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
 /**
  * A turn is "meaningful" if it produced at least an event, a stat change, a
  * no-man's-land release (v0.22 #16 P3: a release is a real world change even
@@ -498,7 +559,10 @@ export function isMeaningful(result: TurnResult): boolean {
     result.events.length > 0 ||
     result.stateChanges.length > 0 ||
     result.unowned.length > 0 ||
-    result.nationOps.length > 0
+    result.nationOps.length > 0 ||
+    // (v0.27, #44) a marker placed or removed this turn is a real world change.
+    result.markers.add.length > 0 ||
+    result.markers.remove.length > 0
   );
 }
 
@@ -516,13 +580,25 @@ function genericUnclearEvent(state: GameState): TurnEventSpec {
 
 /**
  * Apply a TurnResult to a GameState immutably: advance the date/turn, append
- * events, apply stat changes (clamped), symmetric relations, and territory
- * moves (including no-man's-land releases, v0.22 #16 P3). It also appends any
- * proposed nation-ops to the pending list (v0.23 #16 P4a) without applying
- * them — see the doc comment on `pendingNationOps` for why that list
- * deliberately survives across turns.
+ * events, apply stat changes (clamped), symmetric relations, territory moves
+ * (including no-man's-land releases, v0.22 #16 P3) and map markers (v0.27
+ * #44). It also appends any proposed nation-ops to the pending list (v0.23
+ * #16 P4a) without applying them — see the doc comment on `pendingNationOps`
+ * for why that list deliberately survives across turns.
+ *
+ * `centroidOf` (v0.27, #44) resolves a region key to its precomputed centroid
+ * (`{ lat, lon, spread }`, from public/region-centroids.json via
+ * server/regions.ts). New markers are positioned at that centroid plus a small
+ * deterministic offset; a spec whose key has no known centroid is dropped.
+ * Without it no marker can be placed (all adds are dropped), which keeps the
+ * engine pure and lets tests inject their own data.
  */
-export function applyTurnResult(state: GameState, result: TurnResult, validKeys?: ReadonlySet<string>): GameState {
+export function applyTurnResult(
+  state: GameState,
+  result: TurnResult,
+  validKeys?: ReadonlySet<string>,
+  centroidOf?: (key: string) => { lat: number; lon: number; spread: number } | undefined,
+): GameState {
   const next: GameState = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(state));
   next.version = (state.version ?? 0) + 1; // every mutation is a new revision
   const actingTurn = state.turn; // this action resolves the current turn
@@ -636,6 +712,73 @@ export function applyTurnResult(state: GameState, result: TurnResult, validKeys?
   }
 
   next.unowned = [...unowned];
+
+  // --- Map markers (v0.27, #44) ---
+  //
+  // Markers are anchored to a region key and are processed against the FINAL
+  // post-claim ownership, in this order:
+  //   (1) REMOVE: a marker whose id is in result.markers.remove is dropped
+  //       (a listed-but-absent id is a no-op).
+  //   (2) OWNER RECOMPUTE: every surviving marker's ownerNationId is set to
+  //       its region's current owner — a captured region follows the new
+  //       owner, a region released to no man's land (or a key with 0 or 2+
+  //       owners) becomes `null`. A marker always follows its region.
+  //   (3) ADD: each new spec (in order) is placed at its region's centroid
+  //       (injected via centroidOf) plus a small deterministic per-axis
+  //       offset, owned by the region's post-turn owner, and stamped with
+  //       the acting turn. Dropped (never throws): a region key that is not
+  //       in validKeys or has no known centroid, an id that already exists
+  //       (a re-add is idempotent — the existing marker stays), and any adds
+  //       beyond MAX_MARKERS (the later ones).
+  {
+    const finalOwner = new Map<string, string | null>();
+    {
+      const owners = new Map<string, string[]>();
+      for (const n of Object.values(next.nations)) {
+        for (const key of n.territory) {
+          if (!valid(key)) continue;
+          const list = owners.get(key);
+          if (list) list.push(n.id);
+          else owners.set(key, [n.id]);
+        }
+      }
+      for (const [key, list] of owners) finalOwner.set(key, list.length === 1 ? list[0] : null);
+    }
+    const removeIds = new Set(result.markers.remove);
+    const markers: MapMarker[] = [];
+    for (const m of next.markers ?? []) {
+      if (removeIds.has(m.id)) continue;
+      markers.push({ ...m, ownerNationId: finalOwner.get(m.regionKey) ?? null });
+    }
+    // Deterministic ±(spread/2) offset per axis: a FNV-1a-derived unit
+    // fraction of the marker id (stable across runs and platforms), so
+    // markers of one region scatter naturally instead of stacking.
+    const jitter = (id: string, axis: 'lat' | 'lon', spread: number): number => {
+      const frac = (fnv1a32(`${id}#${axis}`) >>> 8) / 0x00ffffff;
+      return (frac * 2 - 1) * (spread / 2);
+    };
+    const round6 = (v: number): number => Math.round(v * 1e6) / 1e6;
+    for (const spec of result.markers.add) {
+      const id = markerId(spec.type, spec.name, spec.regionKey);
+      if (markers.some((m) => m.id === id)) continue; // re-add: idempotent, keep the existing
+      if (markers.length >= MAX_MARKERS) continue; // hard cap: drop the excess
+      if (!valid(spec.regionKey)) continue; // unknown region key
+      const c = centroidOf?.(spec.regionKey);
+      if (!c) continue; // no centroid data for this key
+      markers.push({
+        id,
+        type: spec.type,
+        name: spec.name,
+        regionKey: spec.regionKey,
+        lat: round6(c.lat + jitter(id, 'lat', c.spread)),
+        lon: round6(c.lon + jitter(id, 'lon', c.spread)),
+        ownerNationId: finalOwner.get(spec.regionKey) ?? null,
+        placedTurn: actingTurn,
+      });
+    }
+    next.markers = markers;
+  }
+
   // (v0.23, #16 P4a) Nation-op proposals are NOT applied by the turn — they
   // are appended to the pending list, which (unlike `pending`) SURVIVES
   // across turns until the player confirms or rejects each one. `next` is a
@@ -965,15 +1108,31 @@ export async function runTurn(opts: {
    * switches the turn onto the getNeighbours tool path.
    */
   getNeighbours?: (keys: string[]) => string[];
+  /**
+   * (v0.27, #44) Region-key -> precomputed centroid resolver (from
+   * public/region-centroids.json). Present, the turn's new markers can be
+   * placed at their region's centroid; absent, marker adds are dropped and
+   * the existing markers' owners still get recomputed.
+   */
+  centroidOf?: (key: string) => { lat: number; lon: number; spread: number } | undefined;
 }): Promise<{ state: GameState; result: TurnResult }> {
-  const { llm, preset, state, items, regionReference, validRegionKeys, getNeighbours } = opts;
+  const { llm, preset, state, items, regionReference, validRegionKeys, getNeighbours, centroidOf } = opts;
   const chatWithTools = llm.chatWithTools;
   const useTools = getNeighbours !== undefined && chatWithTools !== undefined;
   const system = buildSystemPrompt(preset, useTools);
   const frontier = getNeighbours ? playerFrontier(state, getNeighbours) : undefined;
   // (v0.22, #16 P3) the model always sees the current no-man's-land keys (empty
   // list on a fresh game) so it knows which unowned regions can be re-claimed.
-  const user = buildUserPrompt(state, items, regionReference, frontier, state.unowned ?? []);
+  // (v0.27, #44) likewise the current map markers, so it can reference their
+  // stable ids in `markers.remove` (or leave them untouched).
+  const markers = (state.markers ?? []).map((m) => ({
+    id: m.id,
+    type: m.type,
+    name: m.name,
+    regionKey: m.regionKey,
+    owner: m.ownerNationId,
+  }));
+  const user = buildUserPrompt(state, items, regionReference, frontier, state.unowned ?? [], markers);
   const nudge =
     'Your previous output was invalid. Respond with ONLY the JSON object described above for this batch — no prose, no fences.';
 
@@ -1018,10 +1177,11 @@ export async function runTurn(opts: {
       territoryChanges: [],
       unowned: [],
       nationOps: [],
+      markers: { add: [], remove: [] },
     };
   }
 
-  return { state: applyTurnResult(state, result, validRegionKeys), result };
+  return { state: applyTurnResult(state, result, validRegionKeys, centroidOf), result };
 }
 
 // --- Advisor (brainstorm) -----------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/server/index.ts b/server/index.ts
index 71b18fd..af8a062 100644
--- a/server/index.ts
+++ b/server/index.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import { createLlmClient } from './llm';
 import { makeStubLlmClient } from './stub';
 import { askAdvisor, confirmNationOp, queueRoundItem, rejectNationOp, removeRoundItem, runTurn } from './engine';
 import { buildRegionMap } from './map';
-import { allTerritoryKeys, expandCountriesToKeys, hasAdjacency, loadRegions, neighboursOf, referenceForKeys, validKeys } from './regions';
+import { allTerritoryKeys, centroidOf, expandCountriesToKeys, hasAdjacency, hasCentroids, loadRegions, neighboursOf, referenceForKeys, validKeys } from './regions';
 import { createPresetStore } from './presets';
 import { openDb, type Db } from './db';
 
@@ -134,6 +134,8 @@ app.post('/api/games', (req: Request, res) => {
     // list grows as the LLM proposes renames (and, later, splits/merges) and
     // shrinks as the player confirms or rejects them.
     pendingNationOps: [],
+    // (v0.27, #44) No markers on a fresh game; the LLM places them over time.
+    markers: [],
   };
   // v0.19 (#16 P1): expand each nation's ISO_A3 country list to the region keys
   // of all its sub-regions, so ownership (and the choropleth) is at region
@@ -288,6 +290,11 @@ app.post('/api/games/:id/jump', async (req, res) => {
       // engine the resolver — the turn then runs with the LLM's getNeighbours
       // tool and the player-frontier prompt field (both switch off without it).
       getNeighbours: hasAdjacency() ? (keys) => neighboursOf(keys) : undefined,
+      // (v0.27, #44) when the centroid manifest loaded, hand the engine the
+      // resolver so a turn can place new map markers at their region's
+      // centroid (without it, marker adds are dropped; existing markers are
+      // still maintained).
+      centroidOf: hasCentroids() ? (key) => centroidOf(key) : undefined,
     });
     db.save(state);
     broadcast(id, 'turn', { state, result });
diff --git a/server/map.test.ts b/server/map.test.ts
index f469f4e..85d627a 100644
--- a/server/map.test.ts
+++ b/server/map.test.ts
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ const state: GameState = {
   version: 1,
   unowned: [],
   pendingNationOps: [],
+  markers: [],
 };
 
 // The RegionMap built from the fixture: the authoritative region key → owner source.
diff --git a/server/regions.test.ts b/server/regions.test.ts
index 080a1c3..1bc5e67 100644
--- a/server/regions.test.ts
+++ b/server/regions.test.ts
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import {
   allTerritoryKeys,
+  centroidOf,
   expandCountriesToKeys,
   hasAdjacency,
+  hasCentroids,
   hasRegionData,
   loadRegions,
   neighboursOf,
@@ -103,6 +105,7 @@ describe('regions (region-key loader, v0.19 #16 P1)', () => {
       version: 1,
       unowned: [],
       pendingNationOps: [],
+      markers: [],
     };
     // 16 GBR sub-regions + 42 FRA sub-regions, no overlap between the two.
     expect(allTerritoryKeys(state).size).toBe(58);
@@ -133,6 +136,19 @@ describe('regions (region-key loader, v0.19 #16 P1)', () => {
     expect(neighboursOf([])).toEqual([]);
   });
 
+  it('(v0.27 #44) hasCentroids() is true and centroidOf resolves a real key to a plausible location', () => {
+    expect(hasCentroids()).toBe(true);
+    const ain = centroidOf('ain-lqtt');
+    expect(ain).toBeDefined();
+    expect(ain!.lat).toBeCloseTo(46.16, 1);
+    expect(ain!.lon).toBeCloseTo(4.8, 1);
+    expect(ain!.spread).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+  });
+
+  it('(v0.27 #44) centroidOf returns undefined for an unknown key', () => {
+    expect(centroidOf('not-a-real-key-xyz')).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
   describe('graceful degradation with no region data', () => {
     beforeEach(() => resetRegions());
 
@@ -146,6 +162,9 @@ describe('regions (region-key loader, v0.19 #16 P1)', () => {
       // and no adjacency: the LLM tool / frontier field switch off
       expect(hasAdjacency()).toBe(false);
       expect(neighboursOf(['moselle-rygy'])).toEqual([]);
+      // and no centroids: the marker-placement path degrades to a no-op
+      expect(hasCentroids()).toBe(false);
+      expect(centroidOf('ain-lqtt')).toBeUndefined();
     });
   });
 
@@ -197,6 +216,21 @@ describe('loadRegions resolves the manifest per environment (dev public/ vs prod
     expect(loadRegions(prodRoot)).toBe(true);
     expect(hasAdjacency()).toBe(false);
     expect(neighboursOf(['moselle-rygy'])).toEqual([]);
+    // and no centroids (not copied into this dist/) -> marker placement degrades
+    expect(hasCentroids()).toBe(false);
+    expect(centroidOf('ain-lqtt')).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('(v0.27 #44) a dist/ WITH the centroids manifest loads them (prod layout)', () => {
+    copyFileSync(
+      path.join(realRoot, 'public', 'region-centroids.json'),
+      path.join(prodRoot, 'dist', 'region-centroids.json'),
+    );
+    expect(loadRegions(prodRoot)).toBe(true);
+    expect(hasCentroids()).toBe(true);
+    const ain = centroidOf('ain-lqtt');
+    expect(ain).toBeDefined();
+    expect(ain!.lat).toBeCloseTo(46.16, 1);
   });
 
   it('returns false and no data when neither public/ nor dist/ holds the files', () => {
diff --git a/server/regions.ts b/server/regions.ts
index 63a1659..34bb607 100644
--- a/server/regions.ts
+++ b/server/regions.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 // (region-keys.json: stable feature id -> region key), the sub-national geo
 // (regions.geo.json: feature id -> { name, parent }), and — optionally — the
 // precomputed region-adjacency manifest (region-adjacency.json: region key ->
-// bordering region keys, built by scripts/build-region-adjacency.mjs) — all
+// bordering region keys, built by scripts/build-region-adjacency.mjs) and the
+// precomputed region-centroid manifest (region-centroids.json: region key ->
+// { lat, lon, spread }, built by scripts/build-region-centroids.mjs) — all
 // from public/ in dev (Vite serves it) or dist/ in prod (Vite copies
 // public/* -> dist/ at build, and the Docker image keeps only dist/) — and
 // joins them into the lookups the region-level ownership model needs:
@@ -13,6 +15,8 @@
 //   - neighboursOf(): the union of the bordering keys for a set of keys — the
 //     data behind the LLM's getNeighbours tool and the player-frontier prompt
 //     field (v0.21, #16 P2)
+//   - centroidOf(): a region key's precomputed anchor point ({ lat, lon, spread })
+//     — the data behind LLM-placed map markers (v0.27, #44)
 //
 // Deliberately turf-free: it reads the JSON files with plain JSON.parse and
 // never imports @turf/@types/geojson (importing one pulls @types/geojson into
@@ -39,12 +43,15 @@ interface RegionData {
   validKeys: Set<string>;
   /** region key -> bordering region keys (from public/region-adjacency.json). */
   adjacency: Record<string, string[]>;
+  /** region key -> anchor point (from public/region-centroids.json). */
+  centroids: Record<string, { lat: number; lon: number; spread: number }>;
 }
 
 let data: RegionData | null = null;
 
 /**
- * Load (or reload) the region-key manifest, geo, and adjacency. Idempotent.
+ * Load (or reload) the region-key manifest, geo, adjacency, and centroids.
+ * Idempotent.
  * The files are served to the client from `public/` in dev (Vite serves it
  * directly) and from `dist/` in prod (Vite copies `public/*` → `dist/` at build
  * and the Docker image keeps only `dist/`), so probe `public/` then `dist/`
@@ -52,7 +59,10 @@ let data: RegionData | null = null;
  * key manifest + geo. The adjacency manifest is OPTIONAL: when it is missing
  * or broken, `adjacency` stays empty and `neighboursOf`/`hasAdjacency` simply
  * report "no adjacency" (the LLM tool and the frontier prompt field switch
- * off; everything else keeps working). Returns true when the core pair loaded
+ * off; everything else keeps working). The centroid manifest is likewise
+ * OPTIONAL (v0.27, #44): when missing or broken, `centroids` stays empty and
+ * `centroidOf`/`hasCentroids` report "no centroids" (new map markers can't be
+ * placed, but everything else keeps working). Returns true when the core pair loaded
  * cleanly; a missing/broken pair clears the data and returns false so the
  * server still boots and degrades gracefully (expansion becomes a no-op,
  * ownership falls back to the raw input keys).
@@ -61,6 +71,7 @@ export function loadRegions(root: string): boolean {
   const keyFile = 'region-keys.json';
   const geoFile = 'regions.geo.json';
   const adjacencyFile = 'region-adjacency.json';
+  const centroidsFile = 'region-centroids.json';
   const base = [
     path.join(root, 'public'), // dev: Vite serves public/ at /
     path.join(root, 'dist'), // prod: Vite copies public/* -> dist/ (== clientDir)
@@ -105,7 +116,38 @@ export function loadRegions(root: string): boolean {
       }
     }
 
-    data = { idToKey, keyToInfo, keysByCountry, validKeys, adjacency };
+    // Centroids are optional too (v0.27, #44): a missing/broken file means
+    // "no centroid data" — new markers can't be placed (their adds are
+    // dropped), but everything else keeps working.
+    let centroids: Record<string, { lat: number; lon: number; spread: number }> = {};
+    const centroidsPath = path.join(base, centroidsFile);
+    if (existsSync(centroidsPath)) {
+      try {
+        const raw = JSON.parse(readFileSync(centroidsPath, 'utf8')) as Record<
+          string,
+          { lat?: unknown; lon?: unknown; spread?: unknown }
+        >;
+        // Keep only well-formed entries; a corrupt file degrades to "none".
+        for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(raw)) {
+          if (
+            v &&
+            typeof v.lat === 'number' &&
+            typeof v.lon === 'number' &&
+            typeof v.spread === 'number' &&
+            Number.isFinite(v.lat) &&
+            Number.isFinite(v.lon) &&
+            Number.isFinite(v.spread)
+          ) {
+            centroids[k] = { lat: v.lat, lon: v.lon, spread: v.spread };
+          }
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.error('[regions] failed to load region-centroids.json, continuing without it', err);
+        centroids = {};
+      }
+    }
+
+    data = { idToKey, keyToInfo, keysByCountry, validKeys, adjacency, centroids };
     return validKeys.size > 0;
   } catch (err) {
     console.error('[regions] failed to load region data', err);
@@ -189,6 +231,27 @@ export function hasAdjacency(): boolean {
   return data !== null && Object.keys(data.adjacency).length > 0;
 }
 
+/**
+ * True when the region-centroid manifest loaded with at least one entry
+ * (v0.27, #44). The server's jump route uses this to decide whether to hand
+ * the engine a centroid resolver (which lets a turn place new map markers)
+ * or skip marker placement (existing markers are still maintained).
+ */
+export function hasCentroids(): boolean {
+  return data !== null && Object.keys(data.centroids).length > 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The precomputed anchor point for a region key: the centroid of its
+ * largest-area part, plus a `spread` (≈ 0.1 × that part's smallest bbox
+ * dimension, in degrees) the engine scatters markers within
+ * ±(spread/2) of the centroid. `undefined` for an unknown key or when no
+ * centroid data is loaded (v0.27, #44).
+ */
+export function centroidOf(key: string): { lat: number; lon: number; spread: number } | undefined {
+  return data?.centroids[key];
+}
+
 /**
  * The union of the region keys that share a land border with any of the given
  * keys — deduplicated, the queried keys themselves excluded, and sorted for
diff --git a/server/stub.ts b/server/stub.ts
index 3e09a95..d0a4a9a 100644
--- a/server/stub.ts
+++ b/server/stub.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,13 @@ export interface StubPayload {
    * is covered by unit tests against applyTurnResult, not by the stub.
    */
   unowned?: string[];
+  /**
+   * (v0.27, #44) Current map markers (`{ id, type, name, regionKey, owner }`),
+   * emitted by the engine's user prompt. The stub ignores this field — it
+   * never places or removes a marker (see deterministicTurn), so the marker
+   * path is covered by unit tests against applyTurnResult, not by the stub.
+   */
+  markers?: Array<{ id: string; type: string; name: string; regionKey: string; owner: string | null }>;
 }
 
 function truncate(s: string, n: number): string {
@@ -61,6 +68,10 @@ function truncate(s: string, n: number): string {
  * (v0.23, #16 P4a) The stub likewise NEVER proposes nation-management ops (it
  * always returns `nationOps: []`) — the propose→confirm/reject flow is
  * covered by unit tests only, keeping the e2e assertions untouched.
+ *
+ * (v0.27, #44) The stub likewise NEVER places or removes a map marker (it
+ * always returns `markers: { add: [], remove: [] }`) — the marker path is
+ * covered by unit tests only, keeping the e2e assertions untouched.
  */
 export function deterministicTurn(p: StubPayload): TurnResult {
   const state = p.state;
@@ -126,6 +137,7 @@ export function deterministicTurn(p: StubPayload): TurnResult {
     territoryChanges,
     unowned: [], // the stub never creates no man's land (see doc comment)
     nationOps: [], // the stub never proposes nation ops (see doc comment)
+    markers: { add: [], remove: [] }, // the stub never touches markers (see doc comment)
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/shared/protocol.ts b/shared/protocol.ts
index 0267619..7db7bd4 100644
--- a/shared/protocol.ts
+++ b/shared/protocol.ts
@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@ import type {
   EventOutcome,
   EventType,
   GameState,
+  MarkerType,
   Nation,
   RelationStatus,
   StatKey,
 } from './types';
+import { MARKER_TYPES } from './types';
 
 /** A numeric change to one of a nation's 0–100 stats. */
 export type StateChange =
@@ -114,6 +116,100 @@ export interface TurnEventSpec {
   outcome: EventOutcome;
 }
 
+// --- Map markers (v0.27, #44) -------------------------------------------------
+//
+// The LLM places named point markers (cities, factories, armies, ports,
+// capitals, fleets, rocket launch sites, gatherings) anchored to a region
+// key. It never sees or sets coordinates: the engine derives the position
+// from the region's precomputed centroid (public/region-centroids.json) plus a
+// small deterministic offset, and it recomputes each marker's owner from the
+// region's current owner on every turn (a released region → null).
+//
+// The marker id is a STABLE, deterministic 4-letter code (FNV-1a 32-bit →
+// base 26, the same scheme as the region keys' 4-char suffix) derived from
+// (type, name, regionKey) — so re-adding an identical marker is idempotent
+// (same id, skipped) and removing by id is unambiguous.
+
+/** The spec the LLM emits to place a marker: type, name and the region it sits in. */
+export interface MarkerSpec {
+  type: MarkerType;
+  name: string;
+  regionKey: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * One existing marker as the user prompt presents it to the model (v0.27,
+ * #44): its stable `id` (the model may echo it in `TurnResult.markers.remove`),
+ * type, name, region key, and the id of the nation currently owning its
+ * region (`null` when the region is unowned / no man's land).
+ */
+export interface MarkerInfo {
+  id: string;
+  type: MarkerType;
+  name: string;
+  regionKey: string;
+  owner: string | null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The per-type presentation of a marker: its display label (tooltip /
+ * dossier), its color, and its glyph character (a symbol-layer text label —
+ * a small, font-safe character in front of the name). Pure + shared so the
+ * client's marker layer and any server-side consumers agree on the look.
+ */
+export const MARKER_TYPE_INFO: Record<MarkerType, { label: string; color: string; glyph: string }> = {
+  city: { label: 'City', color: '#cbd5e1', glyph: '●' },
+  factory: { label: 'Factory', color: '#fb923c', glyph: '■' },
+  army: { label: 'Army', color: '#ef4444', glyph: '▲' },
+  port: { label: 'Port', color: '#38bdf8', glyph: '◆' },
+  capital: { label: 'Capital', color: '#fbbf24', glyph: '★' },
+  fleet: { label: 'Fleet', color: '#22d3ee', glyph: '◗' },
+  rocket: { label: 'Rocket site', color: '#a78bfa', glyph: '↥' },
+  gathering: { label: 'Gathering', color: '#4ade80', glyph: '◉' },
+};
+
+/** Hard cap on a game's total markers (new adds beyond the cap are dropped, v0.27 #44). */
+export const MAX_MARKERS = 400;
+
+/**
+ * FNV-1a 32-bit — the same tiny, stable, pure string hash the region keys use
+ * (see scripts/build-region-keys.mjs). Exported so the engine can derive
+ * deterministic per-axis jitter fractions from it (marker placement, v0.27 #44).
+ */
+export function fnv1a32(str: string): number {
+  let h = 0x811c9dc5;
+  for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+    h ^= str.charCodeAt(i);
+    h = Math.imul(h, 0x01000193) >>> 0;
+  }
+  return h >>> 0;
+}
+
+/** Spread a 32-bit hash across four lowercase letters (base 26 per byte). */
+function code4(h: number): string {
+  let out = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    out += String.fromCharCode(97 + (((h >>> (i * 8)) & 0xff) % 26));
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The stable id for a marker: 4 base-26 lowercase chars from the FNV-1a hash
+ * of `(type, name, regionKey)` (NUL-separated so no field boundary is
+ * ambiguous). Deterministic across runs and platforms (pure string math), so
+ * the same (type, name, regionKey) always maps to the same id — re-adding is
+ * idempotent, removing by id is unambiguous.
+ */
+export function markerId(type: MarkerType, name: string, regionKey: string): string {
+  return code4(fnv1a32(`${type}\u0000${name}\u0000${regionKey}`));
+}
+
+/** True when `t` is one of the eight known marker types (v0.27, #44). */
+export function isMarkerType(t: unknown): t is MarkerType {
+  return typeof t === 'string' && (MARKER_TYPES as string[]).includes(t);
+}
+
 /** The exact JSON object the world-simulator LLM must return for a turn. */
 export interface TurnResult {
   date: string;
@@ -141,6 +237,16 @@ export interface TurnResult {
    * survivor. Empty on turns where the model proposes none.
    */
   nationOps: NationOp[];
+  /**
+   * (v0.27, #44) Map-marker ops this turn. `add` places new named markers
+   * (the engine positions each at its region's centroid + a small
+   * deterministic offset, sets the owner to the region's post-turn owner,
+   * derives the stable id, and drops unknown types/region keys, duplicates,
+   * and adds beyond MAX_MARKERS); `remove` drops markers by their stable id
+   * (a no-op for an id that is not present). Both required, `[]` on turns
+   * with no marker activity.
+   */
+  markers: { add: MarkerSpec[]; remove: string[] };
 }
 
 /** Per-region map payload: region key -> owning nation + its stable color. */
diff --git a/shared/types.ts b/shared/types.ts
index 3292e5f..5e13772 100644
--- a/shared/types.ts
+++ b/shared/types.ts
@@ -68,6 +68,60 @@ export const EVENT_TYPES: EventType[] = [
 
 export type EventOutcome = 'success' | 'failure' | 'partial' | 'neutral';
 
+// --- Map markers (v0.27, #44) -------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Named point markers the LLM can place on the map (cities, factories, armies,
+// ports, capitals, fleets, rocket launch sites, political/social gatherings).
+// A marker is anchored to a **region key** (see `public/region-keys.json`): the
+// engine positions it at that region's precomputed centroid (with a small
+// deterministic offset) and its `ownerNationId` follows the region's current
+// owner (recomputed on every turn; `null` when the region is unowned / no
+// man's land). See protocol.ts for the LLM-facing `TurnResult.markers`
+// contract and the `markerId` derivation.
+
+/** The eight marker categories the model may place (v0.27, #44). */
+export type MarkerType =
+  | 'city'
+  | 'factory'
+  | 'army'
+  | 'port'
+  | 'capital'
+  | 'fleet'
+  | 'rocket'
+  | 'gathering';
+
+/** All marker types, in canonical order (used by the LLM contract + map layer). */
+export const MARKER_TYPES: MarkerType[] = [
+  'city',
+  'factory',
+  'army',
+  'port',
+  'capital',
+  'fleet',
+  'rocket',
+  'gathering',
+];
+
+/**
+ * A named point marker on the map (v0.27, #44). `id` is a stable,
+ * deterministic 4-character code derived from `type + name + regionKey`
+ * (see protocol.markerId) — re-adding the same marker is idempotent and
+ * removing by id is unambiguous. `lat`/`lon` are filled in by the engine from
+ * the region's centroid manifest (never by the model); `ownerNationId` is the
+ * marker's region's current owner (`null` when unowned) and is recomputed by
+ * the engine on every committed turn, so a marker always follows its region.
+ */
+export interface MapMarker {
+  id: string;
+  type: MarkerType;
+  name: string;
+  regionKey: string;
+  lat: number;
+  lon: number;
+  ownerNationId: string | null;
+  placedTurn: number;
+}
+
 /** A narrative event the simulation emitted on some turn. */
 export interface EventEntry {
   id: string;
@@ -153,6 +207,16 @@ export interface GameState {
    * runtime dependencies.)
    */
   pendingNationOps: NationOp[];
+  /**
+   * (v0.27, #44) Named point markers on the map: the LLM places them (via a
+   * turn's `markers.add`) and removes them (`markers.remove`, by id). The
+   * engine positions each at its region's centroid (deterministic small
+   * offset) and recomputes `ownerNationId` from the region's current owner on
+   * EVERY committed turn (a released region → `null`). Always `[]` on a fresh
+   * game; rows saved before v0.27 load with this defaulted to `[]` (see
+   * server/db.ts) — additive, no data wipe. Capped at protocol.MAX_MARKERS.
+   */
+  markers: MapMarker[];
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index 9f9b223..8dee9b2 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -706,6 +706,7 @@ function GameScreen({
         nations={game.nations}
         presetId={game.presetId}
         unowned={game.unowned ?? []}
+        markers={game.markers ?? []}
         onFocusNation={focusNation}
       />
 
diff --git a/src/components/WorldMap.tsx b/src/components/WorldMap.tsx
index 90872e4..b0d1baf 100644
--- a/src/components/WorldMap.tsx
+++ b/src/components/WorldMap.tsx
@@ -10,12 +10,14 @@ import workerUrl from 'maplibre-gl/dist/maplibre-gl-worker.mjs?url';
 maplibregl.setWorkerUrl(workerUrl);
 import {
   mapFeatureOwner,
+  MARKER_TYPE_INFO,
+  nationColor,
   regionFillStyle,
   unownedTooltipLabel,
   type RegionMap,
   type RegionOwner,
 } from '@shared/protocol';
-import type { Nation } from '@shared/types';
+import { MARKER_TYPES, type MapMarker, type Nation } from '@shared/types';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { idToKey } from '@/lib/regions';
 
@@ -45,8 +47,16 @@ type GeoSource = maplibregl.GeoJSONSource;
 // looked black, and `styledata` was gated on fetching a remote document. An
 // inline object loads instantly, so `isStyleLoaded()` / `styledata` fire
 // immediately and the choropleth is guaranteed to paint. (The OFM `ne2sr`
-// raster has no vector tiles, so no glyphs endpoint is needed — we don't add
-// label layers; the choropleth provides the borders.)
+// raster has no vector tiles, so the basemap itself needs no label layers —
+// the choropleth provides the borders.)
+//
+// No `glyphs` URL: the map needs no MapLibre *text* rendering. The basemap is
+// raster (its labels are baked into the PNG tiles), and the LLM-placed map
+// markers (v0.27, #44) are drawn as canvas-generated icon images in a symbol
+// layer — fully self-contained, so they render offline and deterministically
+// without depending on any external font/glyph endpoint (the OpenFreeMap
+// `fonts/` path is a dead nginx 404, and the basemap's apparent labels come
+// from the raster, not from glyphs).
 const NE2SR_TILES = ['https://tiles.openfreemap.org/natural_earth/ne2sr/{z}/{x}/{y}.png'];
 
 const INLINE_STYLE: maplibregl.StyleSpecification = {
@@ -88,6 +98,8 @@ const PLAYER_LINE = 'player-line';
 const FLASH_LINE = 'flash-line';
 const HOVER_FILL = 'hover-fill';
 const HOVER_LINE = 'hover-line';
+const MARKERS_SOURCE = 'markers';
+const MARKER_SYMBOL = 'markers-symbol';
 
 /** Sensible per-scenario initial camera: Europe for the WWII scenarios, wider for the global ones. */
 function cameraForPreset(presetId: string): { center: [number, number]; zoom: number } {
@@ -195,6 +207,186 @@ function featuresByRegionKeys(
   return { type: 'FeatureCollection', features: JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(features)) };
 }
 
+// --- Map markers (v0.27, #44) ------------------------------------------------
+//
+// The LLM places named point markers (cities, factories, armies, ports,
+// capitals, fleets, rocket sites, gatherings) anchored to a region key. The
+// engine positions each at its region's centroid (deterministic small offset)
+// and recomputes its owner from the region's current owner every turn. The
+// map renders them as a single top-most symbol layer: a per-type glyph
+// character in front of the name, per-type color, dark-theme halo.
+
+/**
+ * The GeoJSON behind the marker symbol layer: one Point per marker at
+ * `[lon, lat]`, carrying the stable id, type, name, its type's glyph, and the
+ * current owner's name + stable color (empty when the region is unowned).
+ * Pure; the caller passes the current marker list + nations record, so a
+ * renamed/removed owner is picked up on the next paint.
+ */
+function buildMarkersFC(markers: MapMarker[], nations: Record<string, Nation>): FeatureCollection {
+  const features = markers.map((m) => {
+    const owner = m.ownerNationId ? nations[m.ownerNationId] : undefined;
+    return {
+      type: 'Feature' as const,
+      geometry: { type: 'Point' as const, coordinates: [m.lon, m.lat] as [number, number] },
+      properties: {
+        id: m.id,
+        type: m.type,
+        name: m.name,
+        glyph: MARKER_TYPE_INFO[m.type]?.glyph ?? '',
+        owner: owner?.name ?? '',
+        ownerId: owner?.id ?? '',
+        ownerColor: owner ? nationColor(owner.id) : '',
+      },
+    };
+  });
+  return { type: 'FeatureCollection', features };
+}
+
+// Small canvas-path helpers for the marker icons (self-contained shapes — no
+// unicode/font dependency, so they render identically in any environment).
+function roundRectPath(
+  ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+  x: number,
+  y: number,
+  w: number,
+  h: number,
+  r: number,
+): void {
+  ctx.beginPath();
+  ctx.moveTo(x + r, y);
+  ctx.lineTo(x + w - r, y);
+  ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x + w, y, x + w, y + r);
+  ctx.lineTo(x + w, y + h - r);
+  ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x + w, y + h, x + w - r, y + h);
+  ctx.lineTo(x + r, y + h);
+  ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x, y + h, x, y + h - r);
+  ctx.lineTo(x, y + r);
+  ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x, y, x + r, y);
+  ctx.closePath();
+}
+
+function starPath(
+  ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+  cx: number,
+  cy: number,
+  spikes: number,
+  outer: number,
+  inner: number,
+): void {
+  let rot = (Math.PI / 2) * -1;
+  const step = Math.PI / spikes;
+  ctx.beginPath();
+  ctx.moveTo(cx + Math.cos(rot) * outer, cy + Math.sin(rot) * outer);
+  for (let i = 0; i < spikes; i++) {
+    rot += step;
+    ctx.lineTo(cx + Math.cos(rot) * inner, cy + Math.sin(rot) * inner);
+    rot += step;
+    ctx.lineTo(cx + Math.cos(rot) * outer, cy + Math.sin(rot) * outer);
+  }
+  ctx.closePath();
+}
+
+/**
+ * (v0.27, #44) Draw one marker-type icon into an offscreen canvas: a distinct
+ * shape per type, filled with the type's color from the shared
+ * `MARKER_TYPE_INFO` contract, with a dark outline for legibility on any
+ * choropleth fill. Added to the map as a named image and referenced by the
+ * symbol layer's `icon-image` — a real symbol layer, per-type color + form,
+ * with zero external font/glyph dependency.
+ */
+function drawMarkerIcon(type: MapMarker['type']): ImageData {
+  const S = 44;
+  const c = document.createElement('canvas');
+  c.width = S;
+  c.height = S;
+  const ctx = c.getContext('2d')!;
+  const cx = S / 2;
+  const cy = S / 2;
+  ctx.fillStyle = MARKER_TYPE_INFO[type]?.color ?? '#cbd5e1';
+  ctx.strokeStyle = '#0b1220';
+  ctx.lineWidth = 2.5;
+  ctx.lineJoin = 'round';
+  switch (type) {
+    case 'city':
+      ctx.beginPath();
+      ctx.arc(cx, cy, S * 0.3, 0, Math.PI * 2);
+      break;
+    case 'factory': {
+      const h = S * 0.5;
+      roundRectPath(ctx, cx - h / 2, cy - h / 2, h, h, 5);
+      break;
+    }
+    case 'army': {
+      const r = S * 0.34;
+      ctx.beginPath();
+      ctx.moveTo(cx, cy - r);
+      ctx.lineTo(cx + r, cy + r * 0.8);
+      ctx.lineTo(cx - r, cy + r * 0.8);
+      ctx.closePath();
+      break;
+    }
+    case 'port': {
+      const r = S * 0.36;
+      ctx.beginPath();
+      ctx.moveTo(cx, cy - r);
+      ctx.lineTo(cx + r, cy);
+      ctx.lineTo(cx, cy + r);
+      ctx.lineTo(cx - r, cy);
+      ctx.closePath();
+      break;
+    }
+    case 'capital':
+      starPath(ctx, cx, cy, 5, S * 0.36, S * 0.15);
+      break;
+    case 'fleet':
+    case 'gathering':
+      ctx.beginPath();
+      ctx.arc(cx, cy, S * 0.32, 0, Math.PI * 2);
+      break;
+    case 'rocket': {
+      const w = S * 0.14;
+      ctx.beginPath();
+      ctx.moveTo(cx, cy - S * 0.36);
+      ctx.lineTo(cx + S * 0.22, cy - S * 0.04);
+      ctx.lineTo(cx + w, cy - S * 0.04);
+      ctx.lineTo(cx + w, cy + S * 0.34);
+      ctx.lineTo(cx - w, cy + S * 0.34);
+      ctx.lineTo(cx - w, cy - S * 0.04);
+      ctx.lineTo(cx - S * 0.22, cy - S * 0.04);
+      ctx.closePath();
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  ctx.fill();
+  ctx.stroke();
+  // fleet and gathering share a circle base; an inner mark tells them apart
+  // (fleet = a dark porthole dot, gathering = a white bullseye dot).
+  if (type === 'fleet' || type === 'gathering') {
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    ctx.arc(cx, cy, S * 0.13, 0, Math.PI * 2);
+    ctx.fillStyle = type === 'fleet' ? '#0b1220' : '#ffffff';
+    ctx.fill();
+  }
+  // Hand MapLibre the raw pixels (an untainted canvas, so getImageData is safe)
+  // rather than the canvas element — `addImage` accepts ImageData directly.
+  return ctx.getImageData(0, 0, S, S);
+}
+
+/** The hover tooltip for a marker: its type label + name, then the owner chip. */
+function markerTooltipHtml(
+  type: string,
+  name: string,
+  owner: string,
+  ownerColor: string,
+): string {
+  const label = MARKER_TYPE_INFO[type as MapMarker['type']]?.label ?? 'Marker';
+  const ownerLine = owner
+    ? `<div class="hm-popup-owner"><span class="hm-chip" style="background:${ownerColor}"></span>${esc(owner)}</div>`
+    : '<div class="hm-popup-sub">No owner</div>';
+  return `<div class="hm-popup"><div class="hm-popup-title">${esc(label)}: ${esc(name)}</div>${ownerLine}</div>`;
+}
+
 const esc = (s: string) =>
   s.replace(/[&<>"']/g, (c) => ({ '&': '&amp;', '<': '&lt;', '>': '&gt;', '"': '&quot;', "'": '&#39;' }[c] as string));
 
@@ -254,6 +446,13 @@ interface Props {
    * component doc for the full behavior.
    */
   onFocusNation?: (id: string, info?: { name?: string }) => void;
+  /**
+   * (v0.27, #44) The game's named map markers (`GameState.markers`): the LLM
+   * places/removes them over time, the engine positions each at its region's
+   * centroid and keeps its owner in sync with the region's owner. Rendered as
+   * a top-most symbol layer (per-type glyph + name, per-type color).
+   */
+  markers?: MapMarker[];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -286,6 +485,18 @@ interface Props {
  * a plain "No owner" sub-line. The colors/labels come from the shared
  * `regionFillStyle` / `unownedTooltipLabel` contract in @shared/protocol.
  *
+ * (v0.27, #44) LLM-placed **map markers** (`markers` prop = `GameState.markers`)
+ * render on a top-most symbol layer: each is its type's canvas-generated icon
+ * (a distinct shape, per-type color from the shared `MARKER_TYPE_INFO`
+ * contract, dark-outlined) at the engine-derived position (region centroid +
+ * small deterministic offset). The icons are drawn into named map images
+ * (`marker-<type>`), so there is no external font/glyph dependency and markers
+ * render offline and deterministically. Hovering a marker shows a tooltip
+ * (type label + name + owner chip); clicking one switches the dossier to the
+ * owning nation (no-op when the marker's region is unowned). The region
+ * hover/click handlers detect a marker under the cursor (MapLibre layer events
+ * have no propagation) and act on the marker's data.
+ *
  * Zoom and pan are driven directly by the user (MapLibre wheel/trackpad + drag)
  * — no floating control and no external API.
  */
@@ -297,6 +508,7 @@ export default function WorldMap({
   className,
   unowned,
   onFocusNation,
+  markers,
 }: Props) {
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   const mapRef = useRef<maplibregl.Map | null>(null);
@@ -311,12 +523,14 @@ export default function WorldMap({
   const presetRef = useRef(presetId);
   const unownedRef = useRef<Set<string>>(new Set(unowned ?? []));
   const onFocusNationRef = useRef(onFocusNation);
+  const markersRef = useRef<MapMarker[]>(markers ?? []);
   regionsRef.current = regions;
   nationsRef.current = nations;
   playerRef.current = playerNationId;
   presetRef.current = presetId;
   unownedRef.current = new Set(unowned ?? []);
   onFocusNationRef.current = onFocusNation;
+  markersRef.current = markers ?? [];
 
   // Diffing state for the transient territory-change flash (owned by this component
   // so a resync with identical data never re-flashes).
@@ -424,6 +638,39 @@ export default function WorldMap({
     const onHover = (e: maplibregl.MapLayerMouseEvent) => {
       const f = e.features?.[0];
       if (!f) return;
+      // (v0.27, #44) A marker rendered on top of this region wins the hover.
+      // The region polygon is always beneath a marker, so this FILL_LAYER
+      // delegate fires in both cases; if a marker icon is under the cursor,
+      // show the marker's tooltip (name + type + owner) instead of the
+      // region's. `e.point` is the cursor's pixel position, so querying the
+      // marker layer there tests the icon's (small) hit area, not the whole
+      // region.
+      const markerHits = map.queryRenderedFeatures(e.point, { layers: [MARKER_SYMBOL] });
+      if (markerHits.length > 0) {
+        const mp = (markerHits[0].properties ?? {}) as {
+          type?: string;
+          name?: string;
+          owner?: string;
+          ownerColor?: string;
+        };
+        hoverPopup
+          .setLngLat(e.lngLat)
+          .setHTML(
+            markerTooltipHtml(
+              typeof mp.type === 'string' ? mp.type : '',
+              typeof mp.name === 'string' ? mp.name : '',
+              typeof mp.owner === 'string' ? mp.owner : '',
+              typeof mp.ownerColor === 'string' ? mp.ownerColor : '',
+            ),
+          )
+          .addTo(map);
+        map.getCanvas().style.cursor = 'pointer';
+        // A marker has no region outline to highlight; clear the previous one
+        // (and reset lastHoverId so moving back onto a region re-triggers it).
+        lastHoverId = null;
+        (map.getSource(HOVER_SOURCE) as GeoSource | undefined)?.setData(emptyFC());
+        return;
+      }
       const p = f.properties as { name?: string; regionId?: string };
       const subId = typeof p?.regionId === 'string' ? p.regionId : '';
       if (subId && subId !== lastHoverId) {
@@ -466,6 +713,19 @@ export default function WorldMap({
     const onClick = (e: maplibregl.MapLayerMouseEvent) => {
       const f = e.features?.[0];
       if (!f) return;
+      // (v0.27, #44) A marker under the cursor: focus its owning nation
+      // (identical to its region's owner — the engine keeps a marker's owner in
+      // sync with the region) and carry the marker's name into the dossier.
+      const markerHits = map.queryRenderedFeatures(e.point, { layers: [MARKER_SYMBOL] });
+      if (markerHits.length > 0) {
+        const mp = (markerHits[0].properties ?? {}) as { ownerId?: string; name?: string };
+        const owner = typeof mp.ownerId === 'string' ? mp.ownerId : '';
+        if (owner) {
+          const info = typeof mp.name === 'string' ? { name: mp.name } : undefined;
+          onFocusNationRef.current?.(owner, info);
+        }
+        return;
+      }
       const region = mapFeatureOwner(regionsRef.current, f);
       if (!region?.ownerId) return;
       // Carry the clicked sub-region's name so the dossier can show which region
@@ -497,6 +757,9 @@ export default function WorldMap({
       if (!map.getSource(FLASH_SOURCE)) {
         map.addSource(FLASH_SOURCE, { type: 'geojson', data: emptyFC() });
       }
+      if (!map.getSource(MARKERS_SOURCE)) {
+        map.addSource(MARKERS_SOURCE, { type: 'geojson', data: emptyFC() });
+      }
     };
 
     // Stamp ownership + colors onto the regions source (no-op until both the
@@ -509,6 +772,26 @@ export default function WorldMap({
       src.setData(applyRegions(geo, regionsRef.current, playerRef.current, idKey, unownedRef.current));
     };
 
+    // Stamp the current markers onto the marker source (v0.27, #44).
+    const paintMarkers = () => {
+      const src = map.getSource(MARKERS_SOURCE) as GeoSource | undefined;
+      if (!src) return;
+      src.setData(buildMarkersFC(markersRef.current, nationsRef.current));
+    };
+
+    // Register the eight canvas-generated marker-type icon images (v0.27, #44).
+    // Images are cleared on a style (re)load, so this is (re)run from
+    // `ensureLayers` (which fires on every `styledata`). Self-contained — no
+    // external font/glyph endpoint — so markers render offline and
+    // deterministically.
+    const ensureMarkerImages = async () => {
+      for (const type of MARKER_TYPES) {
+        const id = `marker-${type}`;
+        if (map.getImage(id)) continue;
+        await map.addImage(id, drawMarkerIcon(type));
+      }
+    };
+
     const ensureLayers = async () => {
       if (cancelled) return;
       ensureSources();
@@ -528,6 +811,7 @@ export default function WorldMap({
       }
       if (cancelled) return;
       paintRegions();
+      paintMarkers();
       if (!map.getLayer(FILL_LAYER)) {
         // The choropleth is the star: a high opacity so the vivid per-nation
         // colors read clearly even on the dark background / over the terrain.
@@ -554,8 +838,9 @@ export default function WorldMap({
       }
       // NOTE: layers are added in bottom→top order (each appends on top). The
       // stack is: fill, base borders, player border, territory-change flash,
-      // hover brighten, hover outline. Do not use a `beforeId` here — it throws
-      // if that layer does not exist yet on a fresh style load.
+      // hover brighten, hover outline, and (top-most) the LLM-placed map
+      // markers' symbol layer (v0.27, #44). Do not use a `beforeId` here — it
+      // throws if that layer does not exist yet on a fresh style load.
       if (!map.getLayer(PLAYER_LINE)) {
         map.addLayer({
           id: PLAYER_LINE,
@@ -589,6 +874,36 @@ export default function WorldMap({
           paint: { 'line-color': '#ffffff', 'line-width': 1.6, 'line-opacity': 0.9 },
         });
       }
+      // (v0.27, #44) The LLM-placed map markers: a top-most symbol layer.
+      // Each marker renders its type's canvas-generated icon (a distinct shape,
+      // per-type color from the shared MARKER_TYPE_INFO contract) with a dark
+      // outline for legibility on any choropleth fill. The icon images are
+      // self-contained (no external font/glyph endpoint), so markers render
+      // offline and deterministically. `icon-image` is `marker-<type>`, the
+      // named canvas images registered by `ensureMarkerImages` above.
+      await ensureMarkerImages();
+      if (!map.getLayer(MARKER_SYMBOL)) {
+        map.addLayer({
+          id: MARKER_SYMBOL,
+          type: 'symbol',
+          source: MARKERS_SOURCE,
+          layout: {
+            'icon-image': ['concat', 'marker-', ['get', 'type']],
+            'icon-size': 0.8,
+            'icon-allow-overlap': true,
+            'icon-ignore-placement': true,
+          },
+        });
+      }
+      // Marker interactions: the markers sit above the choropleth, but they
+      // deliberately share the region (FILL_LAYER) handlers registered below.
+      // MapLibre layer-scoped events are independent per-layer delegates (no
+      // propagation, no stopPropagation), so a marker-on-region would fire
+      // both a marker and a region handler. Instead the region handlers detect
+      // a marker under the cursor (see onHover/onClick) and act on the
+      // marker's data; clicking a marker focuses its owning nation via the
+      // same path as clicking its region (the marker's owner == its region's
+      // owner).
       map.off('mousemove', FILL_LAYER, onHover);
       map.off('mouseout', FILL_LAYER, onHoverOut);
       map.off('click', FILL_LAYER, onClick);
@@ -646,6 +961,19 @@ export default function WorldMap({
     }
   }, [regions, playerNationId, unowned]);
 
+  // (v0.27, #44) Repaint the marker symbol layer whenever the marker list
+  // changes (a turn placed/removed markers) or the nations record changes
+  // (a confirmed rename/merge changes an owner's display name). No-op until
+  // the map + source exist (the mount effect's ensureLayers applies the
+  // current data once the layer structure is in place).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const map = mapRef.current;
+    if (!map) return;
+    const src = map.getSource(MARKERS_SOURCE) as GeoSource | undefined;
+    if (!src) return;
+    src.setData(buildMarkersFC(markers ?? [], nations));
+  }, [markers, nations]);
+
   // Full-viewport, edge-to-edge background layer. `position: fixed` is set
   // inline because MapLibre's own stylesheet sets `.maplibregl-map` to
   // `position: relative`, which would otherwise win over a Tailwind class.